Choosing the Right Color Scheme for Your Sydney Website

Choosing the Right Color Scheme for Your Sydney Website

Bespoke Small Business Web Design For Sydney Home Warranty Firms

Web Design Sydney

Sydney Web Designers

Best Web Design Agency Sydney


Affordable Web Design Sydney

Understanding Color Psychology and Its Impact on Visitors


Understanding color psychology and its impact on visitors is crucial when choosing the right color scheme for your Sydney website. Best Sydney Website Design NSW. Colors arent just pretty; they evoke emotions and can even influence behavior! For instance, have you ever noticed how a bright red can make you feel energized, while a soft blue might bring a sense of calm? Its fascinating how our minds associate colors with feelings, and this can totally affect how visitors perceive your site.


Now, if you think you can just pick any color and it'll work, think again! The colors you choose can create an atmosphere that either invites people in or pushes them away. For example, a website for a trendy cafe in Sydney might benefit from warm, inviting colors like oranges and yellows that suggest friendliness and excitement. On the other hand, a law firm likely wont want to use those same colors, as they may want to project professionalism and trustworthiness. Here, cooler tones like navy or deep green could be more appropriate.


Moreover, it's not just about aesthetics; it's about the message you want to send. If your website's colors don't align with your brand values, visitors might feel confused or even distrustful. You wouldn't want your audience to think you're unprofessional or untrustworthy, right?

Choosing the Right Color Scheme for Your Sydney Website - Affordable Website Design Sydney For Home Renovation Businesses

  • Wordpress Website Design Sydney For Plumbing Businesses
  • Ux Small Business Web Design For Sydney Flooring Specialists
  • Modern Small Business Web Design For Sydney Bathroom Remodelers
  • Accessible Small Business Web Design For Sydney Insulation Experts
So, be deliberate!


In Sydneys vibrant digital landscape, standing out is key. Using color psychology to your advantage can help you capture attention and convey your brand's story effectively. Remember, it's not just about looks; it's about creating a connection. So, when selecting your color scheme, don't overlook the psychological impact it can have on your visitors-after all, their experience matters!

How to Select Colors That Reflect Your Brands Personality


Choosing the right color scheme for your Sydney website can seem like a daunting task, but it really doesn't have to be! One of the first things you should consider is how to select colors that reflect your brand's personality. This isn't just about picking your favorite hues; it's about conveying the right message to your audience.


When you think about your brand, what feelings or ideas do you want to evoke? For instance, if you're running a surf shop in Bondi, bright blues and sandy yellows might just capture that laid-back, beachy vibe. On the other hand, if you're in a more corporate field, perhaps darker tones like navy or charcoal will communicate professionalism and trustworthiness. It's all about aligning your color choices with the essence of your brand.


Don't forget about the psychological effects of colors! For example, red can create a sense of urgency, while green often represents tranquility and nature. It's super important to consider how these colors will resonate with your target audience. You wouldn't want to use harsh colors if your goal is to create a calm and inviting atmosphere, right?


Experimentation can also play a key role in this process. You might find that certain shades of a color work better than others. So, don't hesitate to test different combinations. A/B testing can be your best friend here! Bespoke Small Business Web Design For Sydney Home Warranty Firms After all, what works for one brand might not work for another.


Lastly, keep in mind that less is often more. You don't need a rainbow explosion on your website. Sometimes, a simple palette with a few complementary colors can make a stronger impact than a hodgepodge of shades.


In conclusion, selecting colors for your Sydney website that reflect your brand's personality is a creative yet strategic process. It's about knowing your audience, understanding the psychology of colors, and finding the right balance. So, take your time and enjoy the journey!

Tips for Creating a Harmonious and Balanced Color Palette


When it comes to choosing the right color scheme for your Sydney website, you gotta get it just right! Creating a harmonious and balanced color palette can make a huge difference in how your site is perceived. First off, don't ignore the power of contrast. You need it to draw attention to key elements but not so much that your site looks like a Christmas tree.


Now, you don't want to overdo it with too many colors. Stick to a few that complement each other. Think of it like baking a cake - too many flavors can be overwhelming. Use one or two main colors and then add some accents for a pop of interest.


Also, don't forget about the emotional impact colors have. Colors can make your site feel warm and inviting or cool and professional. For instance, blues and greens can evoke tranquility, while reds and oranges might make things feel more energetic.


Another tip is to consider your brand and your audience. The colors you choose should reflect your brand's personality and also appeal to your target market. It's like dressing for a job interview - you want to make a good impression.


Lastly, don't be afraid to experiment a bit. Sometimes, what you initially thought wouldn't work can end up being a total game-changer. Just remember to keep an eye on how your colors work together and how they affect the overall look and feel of your site.


In the end, it's all about finding that perfect balance - something that looks great and makes your visitors feel good!

Ensuring Web Accessibility with Your Chosen Color Scheme


When it comes to designing your Sydney website, choosing the right color scheme isnt just about what looks good. It's also about ensuring web accessibility for all users! You might think that a pretty palette is enough, but that's not the whole story.


First off, lets talk about contrast. You definitely want your text to stand out against the background. If it doesn't, people with visual impairments might struggle to read what you've put together.

Choosing the Right Color Scheme for Your Sydney Website - Bespoke Small Business Web Design For Sydney Home Warranty Firms

  • Custom Form Builder Website Design Sydney For Fencing Supply Shops
  • Multi-Page Website Design Sydney For Concrete Contractors
  • Mobile App Integrated Website Design Sydney For Pool Maintenance Firms
Imagine a stunning blue text on a bright blue background – it might be your favorite combo, but it's not gonna work for everyone.


Then there's the issue of color blindness. Some folks cant distinguish between certain colors, like reds and greens. If your website relies heavily on these colors to convey information, you might be excluding a significant portion of your audience. It's crucial to use color combinations that are friendly to all, or at least provide labels or patterns alongside colors.


Also, don't forget about the emotional impact of colors! Different colors can evoke different feelings. For instance, blue often feels calming, while red can be stimulating. But you've got to balance that with accessibility. A vibrant red might be eye-catching, but if it's used excessively, it could overwhelm users, especially those with sensory sensitivities.


So, what can you do? Well, there are tools available that help you check your color choices for accessibility. These tools can simulate how your site looks to people with different visual impairments. Using them could save you from making choices that, while aesthetically pleasing, are a no-go for accessibility.


In the end, creating a website that's visually appealing and accessible is totally achievable. It just takes a little extra thought. By ensuring your color scheme works for everyone, you're not only enhancing user experience but also making your site a welcoming space for all visitors. So, next time you're picking colors for your Sydney website, keep accessibility in mind – because it really does matter!

Web Design Sydney Citations

(Learn how and when to remove this message)

The World Wide Web has become a major delivery platform for a variety of complex and sophisticated enterprise applications in several domains. In addition to their inherent multifaceted functionality, these Web applications exhibit complex behaviour and place some unique demands on their usability, performance, security, and ability to grow and evolve. However, a vast majority of these applications continue to be developed in an ad hoc way, contributing to problems of usability, maintainability, quality and reliability.[1][2] While Web development can benefit from established practices from other related disciplines, it has certain distinguishing characteristics that demand special considerations. In recent years, there have been developments towards addressing these considerations.

Web engineering focuses on the methodologies, techniques, and tools that are the foundation of Web application development and which support their design, development, evolution, and evaluation. Web application development has certain characteristics that make it different from traditional software, information systems, or computer application development.

Web engineering is multidisciplinary and encompasses contributions from diverse areas: systems analysis and design, software engineering, hypermedia/hypertext engineering, requirements engineering, human-computer interaction, user interface, data engineering, information science, information indexing and retrieval, testing, modelling and simulation, project management, and graphic design and presentation. Web engineering is neither a clone nor a subset of software engineering, although both involve programming and software development. While Web Engineering uses software engineering principles, it encompasses new approaches, methodologies, tools, techniques, and guidelines to meet the unique requirements of Web-based applications.

As a discipline

[edit]

Proponents of Web engineering supported the establishment of Web engineering as a discipline at an early stage of Web. Major arguments for Web engineering as a new discipline are:

  • Web-based Information Systems (WIS) development process is different and unique.[3]
  • Web engineering is multi-disciplinary; no single discipline (such as software engineering) can provide a complete theory basis, body of knowledge and practices to guide WIS development.[4]
  • Issues of evolution and lifecycle management when compared to more 'traditional' applications.
  • Web-based information systems and applications are pervasive and non-trivial. The prospect of Web as a platform will continue to grow and it is worth being treated specifically.

However, it has been controversial, especially for people in other traditional disciplines such as software engineering, to recognize Web engineering as a new field. The issue is how different and independent Web engineering is, compared with other disciplines.

Main topics of Web engineering include, but are not limited to, the following areas:

Modeling disciplines

[edit]
  • Business Processes for Applications on the Web
  • Process Modelling of Web applications
  • Requirements Engineering for Web applications
  • B2B applications

Design disciplines, tools, and methods

[edit]
  • UML and the Web
  • Conceptual Modeling of Web Applications (aka. Web modeling)
  • Prototyping Methods and Tools
  • Web design methods
  • CASE Tools for Web Applications
  • Web Interface Design
  • Data Models for Web Information Systems

Implementation disciplines

[edit]
  • Integrated Web Application Development Environments
  • Code Generation for Web Applications
  • Software Factories for/on the Web
  • Web 2.0, AJAX, E4X, ASP.NET, PHP and Other New Developments
  • Web Services Development and Deployment

Testing disciplines

[edit]
  • Testing and Evaluation of Web systems and Applications.
  • Testing Automation, Methods, and Tools.

Applications categories disciplines

[edit]
  • Semantic Web applications
  • Document centric Web sites
  • Transactional Web applications
  • Interactive Web applications
  • Workflow-based Web applications
  • Collaborative Web applications
  • Portal-oriented Web applications
  • Ubiquitous and Mobile Web Applications
  • Device Independent Web Delivery
  • Localization and Internationalization of Web Applications
  • Personalization of Web Applications

Attributes

[edit]

Web quality

[edit]
[edit]

Education

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Pressman, Roger S (1998). "Can Internet Applications be Engineered?". IEEE Software. 15 (5): 104–110. doi:10.1109/ms.1998.714869. S2CID 5258957.
  2. ^ Roger S Pressman, "What a Tangled Web we Weave," IEEE Software, Jan/Feb 2001, Vol. 18, No.1, pp 18-21
  3. ^ Gerti Kappel, Birgit Proll, Seiegfried, and Werner Retschitzegger, "An Introduction to Web Engineering," in Web Engineering, Gerti Kappel, et al. (eds.) John Wiley and Sons, Heidelberg, Germany, 2003
  4. ^ Deshpande, Yogesh; Hansen, Steve (2001). "Web Engineering: Creating Discipline among Disciplines". IEEE MultiMedia. 8 (1): 81–86. doi:10.1109/93.917974.
  5. ^ JKU » Webwissenschaften - Master. Jku.at (2014-04-18). Retrieved on 2014-04-28.
  6. ^ iWMC » Academic Program - Web Engineering. iWMC.at (2014-04-30). Retrieved on 2014-04-30.

Sources

[edit]
  • Robert L. Glass, "Who's Right in the Web Development Debate?" Cutter IT Journal, July 2001, Vol. 14, No.7, pp 6–0.
  • S. Ceri, P. Fraternali, A. Bongio, M. Brambilla, S. Comai, M. Matera. "Designing Data-Intensive Web Applications". Morgan Kaufmann Publisher, Dec 2002, ISBN 1-55860-843-5

Web engineering resources

[edit]
Organizations
Books
  • "Engineering Web Applications", by Sven Casteleyn, Florian Daniel, Peter Dolog and Maristella Matera, Springer, 2009, ISBN 978-3-540-92200-1
  • "Web Engineering: Modelling and Implementing Web Applications", edited by Gustavo Rossi, Oscar Pastor, Daniel Schwabe and Luis Olsina, Springer Verlag HCIS, 2007, ISBN 978-1-84628-922-4
  • "Cost Estimation Techniques for Web Projects", Emilia Mendes, IGI Publishing, ISBN 978-1-59904-135-3
  • "Web Engineering - The Discipline of Systematic Development of Web Applications", edited by Gerti Kappel, Birgit Pröll, Siegfried Reich, and Werner Retschitzegger, John Wiley & Sons, 2006
  • "Web Engineering", edited by Emilia Mendes and Nile Mosley, Springer-Verlag, 2005
  • "Web Engineering: Principles and Techniques", edited by Woojong Suh, Idea Group Publishing, 2005
  • "Form-Oriented Analysis -- A New Methodology to Model Form-Based Applications", by Dirk Draheim, Gerald Weber, Springer, 2005
  • "Building Web Applications with UML" (2nd edition), by Jim Conallen, Pearson Education, 2003
  • "Information Architecture for the World Wide Web" (2nd edition), by Peter Morville and Louis Rosenfeld, O'Reilly, 2002
  • "Web Site Engineering: Beyond Web Page Design", by Thomas A. Powell, David L. Jones and Dominique C. Cutts, Prentice Hall, 1998
  • "Designing Data-Intensive Web Applications", by S. Ceri, P. Fraternali, A. Bongio, M. Brambilla, S. Comai, M. Matera. Morgan Kaufmann Publisher, Dec 2002, ISBN 1-55860-843-5
Conferences
Book chapters and articles
  • Pressman, R.S., 'Applying Web Engineering', Part 3, Chapters 16–20, in Software Engineering: A Practitioner's Perspective, Sixth Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2004. http://www.rspa.com/'
Journals
Special issues
  • Web Engineering, IEEE MultiMedia, Jan.–Mar. 2001 (Part 1) and April–June 2001 (Part 2). http://csdl2.computer.org/persagen/DLPublication.jsp?pubtype=m&acronym=mu
  • Usability Engineering, IEEE Software, January–February 2001.
  • Web Engineering, Cutter IT Journal, 14(7), July 2001.*
  • Testing E-business Applications, Cutter IT Journal, September 2001.
  • Engineering Internet Software, IEEE Software, March–April 2002.
  • Usability and the Web, IEEE Internet Computing, March–April 2002.

Citations

[1]

 

 

World Wide Web
Inventor Tim Berners-Lee
Inception 12 March 1989; 36 years ago (1989-03-12)

The World Wide Web ("WWW", "W3" or simply "the Web") is a global information medium that users can access via computers connected to the Internet. The term is often mistakenly used as a synonym for the Internet, but the Web is a service that operates over the Internet, just as email and Usenet do. The history of the Internet and the history of hypertext date back significantly further than that of the World Wide Web.

Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web while working at CERN in 1989. He proposed a "universal linked information system" using several concepts and technologies, the most fundamental of which was the connections that existed between information.[1][2] He developed the first web server, the first web browser, and a document formatting protocol, called Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). After publishing the markup language in 1991, and releasing the browser source code for public use in 1993, many other web browsers were soon developed, with Marc Andreessen's Mosaic (later Netscape Navigator) being particularly easy to use and install, and often credited with sparking the Internet boom of the 1990s. It was a graphical browser which ran on several popular office and home computers, bringing multimedia content to non-technical users by including images and text on the same page.

Websites for use by the general public began to emerge in 1993–94. This spurred competition in server and browser software, highlighted in the Browser wars which was initially dominated by Netscape Navigator and Internet Explorer. Following the complete removal of commercial restrictions on Internet use by 1995, commercialization of the Web amidst macroeconomic factors led to the dot-com boom and bust in the late 1990s and early 2000s.

The features of HTML evolved over time, leading to HTML version 2 in 1995, HTML3 and HTML4 in 1997, and HTML5 in 2014. The language was extended with advanced formatting in Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) and with programming capability by JavaScript. AJAX programming delivered dynamic content to users, which sparked a new era in Web design, styled Web 2.0. The use of social media, becoming commonplace in the 2010s, allowed users to compose multimedia content without programming skills, making the Web ubiquitous in everyday life.

Background

[edit]

Precursors

[edit]

The underlying concept of hypertext as a user interface paradigm originated in projects in the 1960s, from research such as the Hypertext Editing System (HES) by Andries van Dam at Brown University, IBM Generalized Markup Language, Ted Nelson's Project Xanadu, and Douglas Engelbart's oN-Line System (NLS).[3][page needed][non-primary source needed] Both Nelson and Engelbart were in turn inspired by Vannevar Bush's microfilm-based memex, which was described in the 1945 essay "As We May Think".[4][title missing][5] Other precursors were FRESS and Intermedia. Paul Otlet's project Mundaneum has also been named as an early 20th-century precursor of the Web.

ENQUIRE

[edit]

In 1980, Tim Berners-Lee, at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Switzerland, built ENQUIRE, as a personal database of people and software models, but also as a way to experiment with hypertext; each new page of information in ENQUIRE had to be linked to another page.[6][7][8] When Berners-Lee built ENQUIRE, the ideas developed by Bush, Engelbart, and Nelson did not influence his work, since he was not aware of them. However, as Berners-Lee began to refine his ideas, the work of these predecessors would later help to confirm the legitimacy of his concept.[9][10]

During the 1980s, many packet-switched data networks emerged based on various communication protocols (see Protocol Wars). One of these standards was the Internet protocol suite, which is often referred to as TCP/IP. As the Internet grew through the 1980s, many people realized the increasing need to be able to find and organize files and use information. By 1985, the Domain Name System (upon which the Uniform Resource Locator is built) came into being.[11][better source needed][failed verification] Many small, self-contained hypertext systems were created, such as Apple Computer's HyperCard (1987).

Return to CERN

[edit]

Berners-Lee's contract in 1980 was from June to December, but in 1984 he returned to CERN in a permanent role, and considered its problems of information management: physicists from around the world needed to share data, yet they lacked common machines and any shared presentation software. Shortly after Berners-Lee's return to CERN, TCP/IP protocols were installed on Unix machines at the institution, turning it into the largest Internet site in Europe. In 1988, the first direct IP connection between Europe and North America was established and Berners-Lee began to openly discuss the possibility of a web-like system at CERN.[12] He was inspired by a book, Enquire Within upon Everything. Many online services existed before the creation of the World Wide Web, such as for example CompuServe, Usenet,[13] Internet Relay Chat,[14] Telnet[15] and bulletin board systems.[16] Before the internet, UUCP was used for online services such as e-mail,[17] and BITNET was also another popular network.[18]

1989–1991: Origins

[edit]

CERN

[edit]
The NeXT Computer used by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN became the first Web server.
The corridor where the World Wide Web was born, on the ground floor of building No. 1 at CERN
Where the WEB was born

While working at CERN, Tim Berners-Lee became frustrated with the inefficiencies and difficulties posed by finding information stored on different computers.[19] On 12 March 1989, he submitted a memorandum, titled "Information Management: A Proposal",[1][20] to the management at CERN. The proposal used the term "web" and was based on "a large hypertext database with typed links". It described a system called "Mesh" that referenced ENQUIRE, the database and software project he had built in 1980, with a more elaborate information management system based on links embedded as text: "Imagine, then, the references in this document all being associated with the network address of the thing to which they referred, so that while reading this document, you could skip to them with a click of the mouse." Such a system, he explained, could be referred to using one of the existing meanings of the word hypertext, a term that he says was coined in the 1950s. Berners-Lee notes the possibility of multimedia documents that include graphics, speech and video, which he terms hypermedia.[1][2]

Although the proposal attracted little interest, Berners-Lee was encouraged by his manager, Mike Sendall, to begin implementing his system on a newly acquired NeXT workstation. He considered several names, including Information Mesh, The Information Mine or Mine of Information, but settled on World Wide Web. Berners-Lee found an enthusiastic supporter in his colleague and fellow hypertext enthusiast Robert Cailliau who began to promote the proposed system throughout CERN. Berners-Lee and Cailliau pitched Berners-Lee's ideas to the European Conference on Hypertext Technology in September 1990, but found no vendors who could appreciate his vision.

Berners-Lee's breakthrough was to marry hypertext to the Internet. In his book Weaving The Web, he explains that he had repeatedly suggested to members of both technical communities that a marriage between the two technologies was possible. But, when no one took up his invitation, he finally assumed the project himself. In the process, he developed three essential technologies:

With help from Cailliau he published a more formal proposal on 12 November 1990 to build a "hypertext project" called WorldWideWeb (abbreviated "W3") as a "web" of "hypertext documents" to be viewed by "browsers" using a client–server architecture.[22][23] The proposal was modelled after the Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) reader Dynatext by Electronic Book Technology, a spin-off from the Institute for Research in Information and Scholarship at Brown University. The Dynatext system, licensed by CERN, was considered too expensive and had an inappropriate licensing policy for use in the general high energy physics community, namely a fee for each document and each document alteration.[citation needed]

At this point HTML and HTTP had already been in development for about two months and the first web server was about a month from completing its first successful test. Berners-Lee's proposal estimated that a read-only Web would be developed within three months and that it would take six months to achieve "the creation of new links and new material by readers, [so that] authorship becomes universal" as well as "the automatic notification of a reader when new material of interest to him/her has become available".

By December 1990, Berners-Lee and his work team had built all the tools necessary for a working Web: the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP), the HyperText Markup Language (HTML), the first web browser (named WorldWideWeb, which was also a web editor), the first web server (later known as CERN httpd) and the first web site (https://info.cern.ch/) containing the first web pages that described the project itself was published on 20 December 1990.[24][25] The browser could access Usenet newsgroups and FTP files as well. A NeXT Computer was used by Berners-Lee as the web server and also to write the web browser.[26]

Working with Berners-Lee at CERN, Nicola Pellow developed the first cross-platform web browser, the Line Mode Browser.[27]

1991–1994: The Web goes public, early growth

[edit]

Initial launch

[edit]

In January 1991, the first web servers outside CERN were switched on. On 6 August 1991, Berners-Lee published a short summary of the World Wide Web project on the newsgroup alt.hypertext, inviting collaborators.[28]

Paul Kunz from the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) visited CERN in September 1991, and was captivated by the Web. He brought the NeXT software back to SLAC, where librarian Louise Addis adapted it for the VM/CMS operating system on the IBM mainframe as a way to host the SPIRES-HEP database and display SLAC's catalog of online documents.[29][30][31][32] This was the first web server outside of Europe and the first in North America.[33]

The World Wide Web had several differences from other hypertext systems available at the time. The Web required only unidirectional links rather than bidirectional ones, making it possible for someone to link to another resource without action by the owner of that resource. It also significantly reduced the difficulty of implementing web servers and browsers (in comparison to earlier systems), but in turn, presented the chronic problem of link rot.

Early browsers

[edit]

The WorldWideWeb browser only ran on NeXTSTEP operating system. This shortcoming was discussed in January 1992,[34] and alleviated in April 1992 by the release of Erwise, an application developed at the Helsinki University of Technology, and in May by ViolaWWW, created by Pei-Yuan Wei, which included advanced features such as embedded graphics, scripting, and animation. ViolaWWW was originally an application for HyperCard.[35] Both programs ran on the X Window System for Unix. In 1992, the first tests between browsers on different platforms were concluded successfully between buildings 513 and 31 in CERN, between browsers on the NexT station and the X11-ported Mosaic browser. ViolaWWW became the recommended browser at CERN. To encourage use within CERN, Bernd Pollermann put the CERN telephone directory on the web—previously users had to log onto the mainframe in order to look up phone numbers. The Web was successful at CERN and spread to other scientific and academic institutions.

Students at the University of Kansas adapted an existing text-only hypertext browser, Lynx, to access the web in 1992. Lynx was available on Unix and DOS, and some web designers, unimpressed with glossy graphical websites, held that a website not accessible through Lynx was not worth visiting.

In these earliest browsers, images opened in a separate "helper" application.

From Gopher to the WWW

[edit]

In the early 1990s, Internet-based projects such as Archie, Gopher, Wide Area Information Servers (WAIS), and the FTP Archive list attempted to create ways to organize distributed data. Gopher was a document browsing system for the Internet, released in 1991 by the University of Minnesota. Invented by Mark P. McCahill, it became the first commonly used hypertext interface to the Internet. While Gopher menu items were examples of hypertext, they were not commonly perceived in that way[clarification needed]. In less than a year, there were hundreds of Gopher servers.[36] It offered a viable alternative to the World Wide Web in the early 1990s and the consensus was that Gopher would be the primary way that people would interact with the Internet.[37][38] However, in 1993, the University of Minnesota declared that Gopher was proprietary and would have to be licensed.[36]

In response, on 30 April 1993, CERN announced that the World Wide Web would be free to anyone, with no fees due, and released their code into the public domain.[39] This made it possible to develop servers and clients independently and to add extensions without licensing restrictions.[citation needed] Coming two months after the announcement that the server implementation of the Gopher protocol was no longer free to use, this spurred the development of various browsers which precipitated a rapid shift away from Gopher.[40] By releasing Berners-Lee's invention for public use, CERN encouraged and enabled its widespread use.[41]

Early websites intermingled links for both the HTTP web protocol and the Gopher protocol, which provided access to content through hypertext menus presented as a file system rather than through HTML files. Early Web users would navigate either by bookmarking popular directory pages or by consulting updated lists such as the NCSA "What's New" page. Some sites were also indexed by WAIS, enabling users to submit full-text searches similar to the capability later provided by search engines.

After 1993 the World Wide Web saw many advances to indexing and ease of access through search engines, which often neglected Gopher and Gopherspace. As its popularity increased through ease of use, incentives for commercial investment in the Web also grew. By the middle of 1994, the Web was outcompeting Gopher and the other browsing systems for the Internet.[42]

NCSA

[edit]

The National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign (UIUC) established a website in November 1992. After Marc Andreessen, a student at UIUC, was shown ViolaWWW in late 1992,[35] he began work on Mosaic with another UIUC student Eric Bina, using funding from the High-Performance Computing and Communications Initiative, a US-federal research and development program initiated by US Senator Al Gore.[43][44][45] Andreessen and Bina released a Unix version of the browser in February 1993; Mac and Windows versions followed in August 1993. The browser gained popularity due to its strong support of integrated multimedia, and the authors' rapid response to user bug reports and recommendations for new features.[35] Historians generally agree that the 1993 introduction of the Mosaic web browser was a turning point for the World Wide Web.[46][47][48]

Before the release of Mosaic in 1993, graphics were not commonly mixed with text in web pages, and the Web was less popular than older protocols such as Gopher and WAIS. Mosaic could display inline images[49] and submit forms[50][51] for Windows, Macintosh and X-Windows. NCSA also developed HTTPd, a Unix web server that used the Common Gateway Interface to process forms and Server Side Includes for dynamic content. Both the client and server were free to use with no restrictions.[52] Mosaic was an immediate hit;[53] its graphical user interface allowed the Web to become by far the most popular protocol on the Internet. Within a year, web traffic surpassed Gopher's.[36] Wired declared that Mosaic made non-Internet online services obsolete,[54] and the Web became the preferred interface for accessing the Internet.[citation needed]

Early growth

[edit]

The World Wide Web enabled the spread of information over the Internet through an easy-to-use and flexible format. It thus played an important role in popularising use of the Internet.[55] Although the two terms are sometimes conflated in popular use, World Wide Web is not synonymous with Internet.[56] The Web is an information space containing hyperlinked documents and other resources, identified by their URIs.[57] It is implemented as both client and server software using Internet protocols such as TCP/IP and HTTP.

In keeping with its origins at CERN, early adopters of the Web were primarily university-based scientific departments or physics laboratories such as SLAC and Fermilab. By January 1993 there were fifty web servers across the world.[58] By October 1993 there were over five hundred servers online, including some notable websites.[59]

Practical media distribution and streaming media over the Web was made possible by advances in data compression, due to the impractically high bandwidth requirements of uncompressed media. Following the introduction of the Web, several media formats based on discrete cosine transform (DCT) were introduced for practical media distribution and streaming over the Web, including the MPEG video format in 1991 and the JPEG image format in 1992. The high level of image compression made JPEG a good format for compensating slow Internet access speeds, typical in the age of dial-up Internet access. JPEG became the most widely used image format for the World Wide Web. A DCT variation, the modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) algorithm, led to the development of MP3, which was introduced in 1991 and became the first popular audio format on the Web.

In 1992 the Computing and Networking Department of CERN, headed by David Williams, withdrew support of Berners-Lee's work. A two-page email sent by Williams stated that the work of Berners-Lee, with the goal of creating a facility to exchange information such as results and comments from CERN experiments to the scientific community, was not the core activity of CERN and was a misallocation of CERN's IT resources. Following this decision, Tim Berners-Lee left CERN for the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where he continued to develop HTTP.[citation needed]

The first Microsoft Windows browser was Cello, written by Thomas R. Bruce for the Legal Information Institute at Cornell Law School to provide legal information, since access to Windows was more widespread amongst lawyers than access to Unix. Cello was released in June 1993.

1994–2004: Open standards, going global

[edit]

The rate of web site deployment increased sharply around the world, and fostered development of international standards for protocols and content formatting.[60] Berners-Lee continued to stay involved in guiding web standards, such as the markup languages to compose web pages, and he advocated his vision of a Semantic Web (sometimes known as Web 3.0) based around machine-readability and interoperability standards.

World Wide Web Conference

[edit]

In May 1994, the first International WWW Conference, organized by Robert Cailliau, was held at CERN; the conference has been held every year since.

Robert Cailliau, Jean-François Abramatic, and Tim Berners-Lee at the tenth anniversary of the World Wide Web Consortium

World Wide Web Consortium

[edit]

The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) was founded by Tim Berners-Lee after he left the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in September/October 1994 in order to create open standards for the Web.[61] It was founded at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Laboratory for Computer Science (MIT/LCS) with support from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), which had pioneered the Internet. A year later, a second site was founded at INRIA (a French national computer research lab) with support from the European Commission; and in 1996, a third continental site was created in Japan at Keio University.

W3C comprised various companies that were willing to create standards and recommendations to improve the quality of the Web. Berners-Lee made the Web available freely, with no patent and no royalties due. The W3C decided that its standards must be based on royalty-free technology, so they can be easily adopted by anyone. Netscape and Microsoft, in the middle of a browser war, ignored the W3C and added elements to HTML ad hoc (e.g., blink and marquee). Finally, in 1995, Netscape and Microsoft came to their senses and agreed to abide by the W3C's standard.[62]

The W3C published the standard for HTML 4 in 1997, which included Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), giving designers more control over the appearance of web pages without the need for additional HTML tags. The W3C could not enforce compliance so none of the browsers were fully compliant. This frustrated web designers who formed the Web Standards Project (WaSP) in 1998 with the goal of cajoling compliance with standards.[63] A List Apart and CSS Zen Garden were influential websites that promoted good design and adherence to standards.[64] Nevertheless, AOL halted development of Netscape[65] and Microsoft was slow to update IE.[66] Mozilla and Apple both released browsers that aimed to be more standards compliant (Firefox and Safari), but were unable to dislodge IE as the dominant browser.

1997 advertisement in State Magazine by the US State Department Library for sessions introducing the then-unfamiliar Web

Commercialization, dot-com boom and bust, aftermath

[edit]

As the Web grew in the mid-1990s, web directories and primitive search engines were created to index pages and allow people to find things. Commercial use restrictions on the Internet were lifted in 1995 when NSFNET was shut down.

In the US, the online service America Online (AOL) offered their users a connection to the Internet via their own internal browser, using a dial-up Internet connection. In January 1994, Yahoo! was founded by Jerry Yang and David Filo, then students at Stanford University. Yahoo! Directory became the first popular web directory. Yahoo! Search, launched the same year, was the first popular search engine on the World Wide Web. Yahoo! became the quintessential example of a first mover on the Web.

Online shopping began to emerge with the launch of Amazon's shopping site by Jeff Bezos in 1995 and eBay by Pierre Omidyar the same year.

By 1994, Marc Andreessen's Netscape Navigator superseded Mosaic in popularity, holding the position for some time. Bill Gates outlined Microsoft's strategy to dominate the Internet in his Tidal Wave memo in 1995.[67] With the release of Windows 95 and the popular Internet Explorer browser, many public companies began to develop a Web presence. At first, people mainly anticipated the possibilities of free publishing and instant worldwide information. By the late 1990s, the directory model had given way to search engines, corresponding with the rise of Google Search, which developed new approaches to relevancy ranking. Directory features, while still commonly available, became after-thoughts to search engines.

Netscape had a very successful IPO valuing the company at $2.9 billion despite the lack of profits and triggering the dot-com bubble.[68] Increasing familiarity with the Web led to the growth of direct Web-based commerce (e-commerce) and instantaneous group communications worldwide. Many dot-com companies, displaying products on hypertext webpages, were added into the Web. Over the next 5 years, over a trillion dollars was raised to fund thousands of startups consisting of little more than a website.

During the dot-com boom, many companies vied to create a dominant web portal in the belief that such a website would best be able to attract a large audience that in turn would attract online advertising revenue. While most of these portals offered a search engine, they were not interested in encouraging users to find other websites and leave the portal and instead concentrated on "sticky" content.[69] In contrast, Google was a stripped-down search engine that delivered superior results.[70] It was a hit with users who switched from portals to Google. Furthermore, with AdWords, Google had an effective business model.[71][72]

AOL bought Netscape in 1998.[73] In spite of their early success, Netscape was unable to fend off Microsoft.[74] Internet Explorer and a variety of other browsers almost completely replaced it.

Faster broadband internet connections replaced many dial-up connections from the beginning of the 2000s.

With the bursting of the dot-com bubble, many web portals either scaled back operations, floundered,[75] or shut down entirely.[76][77][78] AOL disbanded Netscape in 2003.[79]

Web server software

[edit]

Web server software was developed to allow computers to act as web servers. The first web servers supported only static files, such as HTML (and images), but now they commonly allow embedding of server side applications. Web framework software enabled building and deploying web applications. Content management systems (CMS) were developed to organize and facilitate collaborative content creation. Many of them were built on top of separate content management frameworks.

After Robert McCool joined Netscape, development on the NCSA HTTPd server languished. In 1995, Brian Behlendorf and Cliff Skolnick created a mailing list to coordinate efforts to fix bugs and make improvements to HTTPd.[80] They called their version of HTTPd, Apache.[81] Apache quickly became the dominant server on the Web.[82] After adding support for modules, Apache was able to allow developers to handle web requests with a variety of languages including Perl, PHP and Python. Together with Linux and MySQL, it became known as the LAMP platform.

Following the success of Apache, the Apache Software Foundation was founded in 1999 and produced many open source web software projects in the same collaborative spirit.

Browser wars

[edit]

After graduating from UIUC, Andreessen and Jim Clark, former CEO of Silicon Graphics, met and formed Mosaic Communications Corporation in April 1994 to develop the Mosaic Netscape browser commercially. The company later changed its name to Netscape, and the browser was developed further as Netscape Navigator, which soon became the dominant web client. They also released the Netsite Commerce web server which could handle SSL requests, thus enabling e-commerce on the Web.[83] SSL became the standard method to encrypt web traffic. Navigator 1.0 also introduced cookies, but Netscape did not publicize this feature. Netscape followed up with Navigator 2 in 1995 introducing frames, Java applets and JavaScript. In 1998, Netscape made Navigator open source and launched Mozilla.[84]

Microsoft licensed Mosaic from Spyglass and released Internet Explorer 1.0 that year and IE2 later the same year. IE2 added features pioneered at Netscape such as cookies, SSL, and JavaScript. The browser wars became a competition for dominance when Explorer was bundled with Windows.[85][86] This led to the United States v. Microsoft Corporation antitrust lawsuit.

IE3, released in 1996, added support for Java applets, ActiveX, and CSS. At this point, Microsoft began bundling IE with Windows. IE3 managed to increase Microsoft's share of the browser market from under 10% to over 20%.[87] IE4, released the following year, introduced Dynamic HTML setting the stage for the Web 2.0 revolution. By 1998, IE was able to capture the majority of the desktop browser market.[74] It would be the dominant browser for the next fourteen years.

Google released their Chrome browser in 2008 with the first JIT JavaScript engine, V8. Chrome overtook IE to become the dominant desktop browser in four years,[88] and overtook Safari to become the dominant mobile browser in two.[89] At the same time, Google open sourced Chrome's codebase as Chromium.[90]

Ryan Dahl used Chromium's V8 engine in 2009 to power an event driven runtime system, Node.js, which allowed JavaScript code to be used on servers as well as browsers. This led to the development of new software stacks such as MEAN. Thanks to frameworks such as Electron, developers can bundle up node applications as standalone desktop applications such as Slack.

Acer and Samsung began selling Chromebooks, cheap laptops running ChromeOS capable of running web apps, in 2011. Over the next decade, more companies offered Chromebooks. Chromebooks outsold MacOS devices in 2020 to become the second most popular OS in the world.[91]

Other notable web browsers emerged including Mozilla's Firefox, Opera's Opera browser and Apple's Safari.

Web 1.0

[edit]

Web 1.0 is a retronym referring to the first stage of the World Wide Web's evolution, from roughly 1989 to 2004. According to Graham Cormode and Balachander Krishnamurthy, "content creators were few in Web 1.0 with the vast majority of users simply acting as consumers of content".[92] Personal web pages were common, consisting mainly of static pages hosted on ISP-run web servers, or on free web hosting services such as Tripod and the now-defunct GeoCities.[93][94]

Some common design elements of a Web 1.0 site include:[95]

Terry Flew, in his third edition of New Media, described the differences between Web 1.0 and Web 2.0 as a

"move from personal websites to blogs and blog site aggregation, from publishing to participation, from web content as the outcome of large up-front investment to an ongoing and interactive process, and from content management systems to links based on "tagging" website content using keywords (folksonomy)."

Flew believed these factors formed the trends that resulted in the onset of the Web 2.0 "craze".[98]

2004–present: The Web as platform, ubiquity

[edit]

Web 2.0

[edit]

Web pages were initially conceived as structured documents based upon HTML. They could include images, video, and other content, although the use of media was initially relatively limited and the content was mainly static. By the mid-2000s, new approaches to sharing and exchanging content, such as blogs and RSS, rapidly gained acceptance on the Web. The video-sharing website YouTube launched the concept of user-generated content.[99] As new technologies made it easier to create websites that behaved dynamically, the Web attained greater ease of use and gained a sense of interactivity which ushered in a period of rapid popularization. This new era also brought into existence social networking websites, such as Friendster, MySpace, Facebook, and Twitter, and photo- and video-sharing websites such as Flickr and, later, Instagram which gained users rapidly and became a central part of youth culture. Wikipedia's user-edited content quickly displaced the professionally-written Microsoft Encarta.[100] The popularity of these sites, combined with developments in the technology that enabled them, and the increasing availability and affordability of high-speed connections made video content far more common on all kinds of websites. This new media-rich model for information exchange, featuring user-generated and user-edited websites, was dubbed Web 2.0, a term coined in 1999 by Darcy DiNucci[101] and popularized in 2004 at the Web 2.0 Conference. The Web 2.0 boom drew investment from companies worldwide and saw many new service-oriented startups catering to a newly "democratized" Web.[102][103][104][105][106][107]

JavaScript made the development of interactive web applications possible. Web pages could run JavaScript and respond to user input, but they could not interact with the network. Browsers could submit data to servers via forms and receive new pages, but this was slow compared to traditional desktop applications. Developers that wanted to offer sophisticated applications over the Web used Java or nonstandard solutions such as Adobe Flash or Microsoft's ActiveX.

Microsoft added a little-noticed feature called XMLHttpRequest to Internet Explorer in 1999, which enabled a web page to communicate with the server while remaining visible. Developers at Oddpost used this feature in 2002 to create the first Ajax application, a webmail client that performed as well as a desktop application.[108] Ajax apps were revolutionary. Web pages evolved beyond static documents to full-blown applications. Websites began offering APIs in addition to webpages. Developers created a plethora of Ajax apps including widgets, mashups and new types of social apps. Analysts called it Web 2.0.[109]

Browser vendors improved the performance of their JavaScript engines[110] and dropped support for Flash and Java.[111][112] Traditional client server applications were replaced by cloud apps. Amazon reinvented itself as a cloud service provider.

The use of social media on the Web has become ubiquitous in everyday life.[113][114] The 2010s also saw the rise of streaming services, such as Netflix.

In spite of the success of Web 2.0 applications, the W3C forged ahead with their plan to replace HTML with XHTML and represent all data in XML. In 2004, representatives from Mozilla, Opera, and Apple formed an opposing group, the Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group (WHATWG), dedicated to improving HTML while maintaining backward compatibility.[115] For the next several years, websites did not transition their content to XHTML; browser vendors did not adopt XHTML2; and developers eschewed XML in favor of JSON.[116] By 2007, the W3C conceded and announced they were restarting work on HTML[117] and in 2009, they officially abandoned XHTML.[118] In 2019, the W3C ceded control of the HTML specification, now called the HTML Living Standard, to WHATWG.[119]

Microsoft rewrote their Edge browser in 2021 to use Chromium as its code base in order to be more compatible with Chrome.[120]

Security, censorship and cybercrime

[edit]

The increasing use of encrypted connections (HTTPS) enabled e-commerce and online banking. Nonetheless, the 2010s saw the emergence of various controversial trends, such as internet censorship and the growth of cybercrime, including web-based cyberattacks and ransomware.[121][122]

Mobile

[edit]

Early attempts to allow wireless devices to access the Web used simplified formats such as i-mode and WAP. Apple introduced the first smartphone in 2007 with a full-featured browser. Other companies followed suit and in 2011, smartphone sales overtook PCs.[123] Since 2016, most visitors access websites with mobile devices[124] which led to the adoption of responsive web design.

Apple, Mozilla, and Google have taken different approaches to integrating smartphones with modern web apps. Apple initially promoted web apps for the iPhone, but then encouraged developers to make native apps.[125] Mozilla announced Web APIs in 2011 to allow webapps to access hardware features such as audio, camera or GPS.[126] Frameworks such as Cordova and Ionic allow developers to build hybrid apps. Mozilla released a mobile OS designed to run web apps in 2012,[127] but discontinued it in 2015.[128]

Google announced specifications for Accelerated Mobile Pages (AMP),[129] and progressive web applications (PWA) in 2015.[130] AMPs use a combination of HTML, JavaScript, and Web Components to optimize web pages for mobile devices; and PWAs are web pages that, with a combination of web workers and manifest files, can be saved to a mobile device and opened like a native app.

Web 3.0 and Web3

[edit]

The extension of the Web to facilitate data exchange was explored as an approach to create a Semantic Web (sometimes called Web 3.0). This involved using machine-readable information and interoperability standards to enable context-understanding programs to intelligently select information for users.[131] Continued extension of the Web has focused on connecting devices to the Internet, coined Intelligent Device Management. As Internet connectivity becomes ubiquitous, manufacturers have started to leverage the expanded computing power of their devices to enhance their usability and capability. Through Internet connectivity, manufacturers are now able to interact with the devices they have sold and shipped to their customers, and customers are able to interact with the manufacturer (and other providers) to access a lot of new content.[132]

This phenomenon has led to the rise of the Internet of Things (IoT),[133] where modern devices are connected through sensors, software, and other technologies that exchange information with other devices and systems on the Internet. This creates an environment where data can be collected and analyzed instantly, providing better insights and improving the decision-making process. Additionally, the integration of AI with IoT devices continues to improve their capabilities, allowing them to predict customer needs and perform tasks, increasing efficiency and user satisfaction.

Web3 (sometimes also referred to as Web 3.0) is an idea for a decentralized Web based on public blockchains, smart contracts, digital tokens and digital wallets.[134]

Beyond Web 3.0

[edit]

The next generation of the Web is often termed Web 4.0, but its definition is not clear. According to some sources, it is a Web that involves artificial intelligence,[135] the internet of things, pervasive computing, ubiquitous computing and the Web of Things among other concepts.[136] According to the European Union, Web 4.0 is "the expected fourth generation of the World Wide Web. Using advanced artificial and ambient intelligence, the internet of things, trusted blockchain transactions, virtual worlds and XR capabilities, digital and real objects and environments are fully integrated and communicate with each other, enabling truly intuitive, immersive experiences, seamlessly blending the physical and digital worlds".[137]

Historiography

[edit]

Historiography of the Web poses specific challenges, including disposable data, missing links, lost content and archived websites, which have consequences for web historians. Sites such as the Internet Archive aim to preserve content.[138][139]

See also

[edit]

Online services before the World Wide Web

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "Information Management: A Proposal". w3.org. The World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 1 April 2010. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
  2. ^ a b Berners-Lee, T.; Cailliau, R.; Groff, J.-F.; Pollermann, B. (1992). "World-Wide Web: The Information Universe". Electron. Netw. Res. Appl. Policy. 2: 52–58. doi:10.1108/eb047254. Archived from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
  3. ^ Engelbart, Douglas (1962). Augmenting Human Intellect: A Conceptual Framework (Report). Archived from the original on 24 November 2005. Retrieved 25 November 2005.
  4. ^ Conklin, Jeff (1987), IEEE Computer, vol. 20, pp. 17–41
  5. ^ Bush, Vannevar (July 1945). "As We May Think". The Atlantic. Retrieved 28 May 2009.
  6. ^ Tim Berners-Lee (1999). Weaving the Web. Internet Archive. HarperSanFrancisco. pp. 5–6. ISBN 978-0-06-251586-5.
  7. ^ "Sir Tim Berners-Lee". Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering. Archived from the original on 16 November 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
  8. ^ "Laureation address Tim Berners-Lee - Graduation - University of St Andrews". archive.st-andrews.ac.uk. Retrieved 9 May 2025.
  9. ^ Tim Berners-Lee (1999). Weaving the Web. Internet Archive. HarperSanFrancisco. pp. 5–6. ISBN 978-0-06-251586-5. Unbeknownst to me at that early stage in my thinking, several people had hit upon similar concepts, which were never implemented.
  10. ^ Rutter, Dorian (2005). From Diversity to Convergence: British Computer Networks and the Internet, 1970-1995 (PDF) (Computer Science thesis). The University of Warwick. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022. When Berners-Lee developed his Enquire hypertext system during 1980, the ideas explored by Bush, Engelbart, and Nelson did not influence his work, as he was not aware of them. However, as Berners-Lee began to refine his ideas, the work of these predecessors would later confirm the legitimacy of his system.
  11. ^ Enzer, Larry (31 August 2018). "The Evolution of the World Wide Web". Monmouth Web Developers. Archived from the original on 18 November 2018. Retrieved 31 August 2018.
  12. ^ "Enquire Within upon Everything" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
  13. ^ "First post: A history of online public messaging". 29 April 2024.
  14. ^ "IRC 3: The original online chat program gets updated". ZDNet.
  15. ^ "Internet Relay Chat turns 30—and we remember how it changed our lives". 13 October 2018.
  16. ^ "Before the Web: Online services of yesteryear". ZDNET. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
  17. ^ "Forgotten Internet: UUCP". 16 January 2025.
  18. ^ "The internet's early days".
  19. ^ May, Ashley (12 March 2019). "Happy 30th birthday, World Wide Web. Inventor outlines plan to combat hacking, hate speech". USA Today. Archived from the original on 6 October 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2019.
  20. ^ Romano, Aja (12 March 2019). "The World Wide Web – not the Internet – turns 30 years old". Vox.com. Archived from the original on 12 March 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
  21. ^ "Tim Berners", Lemelson Foundation, archived from the original on 16 October 2022, retrieved 16 October 2022
  22. ^ Berners-Lee, Tim; Cailliau, Robert (12 November 1990). "WorldWideWeb: Proposal for a HyperText Project". Archived from the original on 2 May 2015. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
  23. ^ He Created the Web. Now He’s Out to Remake the Digital World Archived 11 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine, New York Times, by Steve Lohr, 10 January 2021.
  24. ^ "The birth of the web". CERN. Archived from the original on 24 December 2015. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
  25. ^ "First Web pages". W3.org. Archived from the original on 31 January 2010. Retrieved 27 July 2009.
  26. ^ "Tim Berners-Lee: client". W3.org. Archived from the original on 21 July 2009. Retrieved 27 July 2009.
  27. ^ Hempstead, C.; Worthington, W., eds. (2005). Encyclopedia of 20th-Century Technology. Routledge. p. 905. ISBN 9781135455514. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  28. ^ "Short summary of the World Wide Web project". 6 August 1991. Archived from the original on 29 May 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2009.
  29. ^ "The Early World Wide Web at SLAC". Archived from the original on 24 November 2005.
  30. ^ "About SPIRES". Archived from the original on 12 February 2010. Retrieved 30 March 2010.
  31. ^ "A Little History of the World Wide Web". Archived from the original on 6 May 2013.
  32. ^ "W3C10 Timeline Graphic". Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
  33. ^ "A short history of the Web". CERN. Archived from the original on 17 April 2022. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
  34. ^ Raggett, Dave; Jenny Lam; Ian Alexander (April 1996). HTML 3: Electronic Publishing on the World Wide Web. Harlow, England; Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley. p. 21. ISBN 9780201876932.
  35. ^ a b c "Frequently asked questions by the Press – Tim BL". W3.org. Archived from the original on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
  36. ^ a b c Gihring, Tim (11 August 2016). "The rise and fall of the Gopher protocol". MinnPost. Archived from the original on 10 February 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
  37. ^ Campbell-Kelly, Martin; Garcia-Swartz, Daniel D (2013). "The History of the Internet: The Missing Narratives". Journal of Information Technology. 28 (1): 46–53. doi:10.1057/jit.2013.4. ISSN 0268-3962. S2CID 41013. SSRN 867087.
  38. ^ Hoffman, Jay (April 1991). "What the Web Could Have Been". The History of the Web. Jay Hoffman. Archived from the original on 22 February 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
  39. ^ "Ten Years Public Domain for the Original Web Software". Tenyears-www.web.cern.ch. 30 April 2003. Archived from the original on 13 August 2009. Retrieved 27 July 2009.
  40. ^ "Software release of WWW into public domain". CERN Document Server. CERN. 2 February 1993. Archived from the original on 17 February 2022. Retrieved 17 February 2022.
  41. ^ "The Early World Wide Web at SLAC". The Early World Wide Web at SLAC: Documentation of the Early Web at SLAC. Archived from the original on 24 November 2005. Retrieved 25 November 2005.
  42. ^ "Where Have all the Gophers Gone? Why the Web beat Gopher in the Battle for Protocol Mind Share". Ils.unc.edu. Archived from the original on 17 March 2019. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
  43. ^ "Mosaic Web Browser History – NCSA, Marc Andreessen, Eric Bina". Livinginternet.com. Archived from the original on 18 May 2010. Retrieved 27 July 2009.
  44. ^ "NCSA Mosaic – 10 September 1993 Demo". Totic.org. Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 27 July 2009.
  45. ^ "Vice President Al Gore's ENIAC Anniversary Speech". Cs.washington.edu. 14 February 1996. Archived from the original on 20 February 2009. Retrieved 27 July 2009.
  46. ^ "Bloomberg Game Changers: Marc Andreessen". Bloomberg.com. 17 March 2011. Archived from the original on 16 May 2012. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
  47. ^ Vetter, Ronald J. (October 1994). "Mosaic and the World-Wide Web" (PDF). North Dakota State University. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 24, 2014. Retrieved November 20, 2010.
  48. ^ Berners-Lee, Tim. "What were the first WWW browsers?". World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
  49. ^ Hoffman, Jay (21 April 1993). "The Origin of the IMG Tag". The History of the Web. Archived from the original on 13 February 2022. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
  50. ^ Wilson, Brian. "Mosaic". Index D O T Html. Brian Wilson. Archived from the original on 1 February 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
  51. ^ Clarke, Roger. "The Birth of Web Commerce". Roger Clarke's Web-Site. XAMAX. Archived from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
  52. ^ Calore, Michael (22 April 2010). "22 April 1993: Mosaic Browser Lights Up Web With Color, Creativity". Wired. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
  53. ^ Kline, Greg (20 April 2003). "Mosaic started Web rush, Internet boom". The News-Gazette (Champaign–Urbana). Archived from the original on 13 June 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
  54. ^ Wolfe, Gary (1 October 1994). "The (Second Phase of the) Revolution Has Begun". Wired. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
  55. ^ Catalano, Charles S. (15 October 2007). "Megaphones to the Internet and the World: The Role of Blogs in Corporate Communications". International Journal of Strategic Communication. 1 (4): 247–262. doi:10.1080/15531180701623627. S2CID 143156963.
  56. ^ "WWW (World Wide Web) Definition". TechDictionary. Retrieved 12 April 2024.
  57. ^ Jacobs, Ian; Walsh, Norman (15 December 2004). "Architecture of the World Wide Web, Volume One". Introduction: W3C. Archived from the original on 9 February 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
  58. ^ Hopgood, Bob. "History of the Web". w3.org. The World Wide Web Consortium. Archived from the original on 21 March 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
  59. ^ Couldry, Nick (2012). Media, Society, World: Social Theory and Digital Media Practice. London: Polity Press. p. 2. ISBN 9780745639208.
  60. ^ Hey, Anthony J. G.; Pápay, Gyuri (2015). The Computing Universe: A Journey through a Revolution. Cambridge University Press. p. 228. ISBN 978-0-521-76645-6.
  61. ^ "LCS announces Web industry consortium". MIT News. 19 October 1994. Archived from the original on 12 February 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
  62. ^ Hoffman, Jay (10 January 1997). "The HTML Tags Everybody Hated". The History of the Web. Jay Hoffman. Archived from the original on 9 February 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
  63. ^ Oakes, Chris (18 August 1998). "Group Out to Set A New Standard". Wired.
  64. ^ Hoffman, Jay (23 May 2003). "Year of A List Apart". The History of the Web. Jay Hoffman. Archived from the original on 19 February 2022. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
  65. ^ "AOL to End Support of Netscape Navigator". New York Times. 29 December 2007. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
  66. ^ Conlon, Tom (2 March 2010). "Inside the Excruciatingly Slow Death of Internet Explorer 6". Popular Science. Archived from the original on 19 February 2022. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
  67. ^ Wired Staff (26 May 2010). "Gates, Microsoft Jump on 'Internet Tidal Wave'". Wired. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
  68. ^ McCullough, Brian. "20 YEARS ON: WHY NETSCAPE'S IPO WAS THE "BIG BANG" OF THE INTERNET ERA". www.internethistorypodcast.com. INTERNET HISTORY PODCAST. Archived from the original on 12 February 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
  69. ^ Wingfield, Nick (7 December 1998). "Portal Sites Reap the Rewards Of Strategies for Getting 'Sticky'". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
  70. ^ Heitzman, Adam (5 June 2017). "How Google Came To Dominate Search And What The Future Holds". Fortune. Archived from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
  71. ^ Bayers, Chip. "I'm Feeling Lucky". Wired. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
  72. ^ "The Evolution of Google AdWords – A $38 Billion Advertising Platform". WordStream. LOCALiQ. Archived from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
  73. ^ "AOL, Netscape tie knot". CNNMoney. CNN. Archived from the original on 28 January 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
  74. ^ a b Calore, Michael (28 September 2009). "28 September 1998: Internet Explorer Leaves Netscape in Its Wake". Wired. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
  75. ^ Greenberg, Julia (23 November 2015). "Once Upon a Time, Yahoo Was the Most Important Internet Company". Wired. Retrieved 17 February 2022.
  76. ^ Hu, Jim (2 January 2002). "Time Warner to shutter Pathfinder". CNet. Archived from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
  77. ^ Hansell, Saul (30 January 2001). "Disney, in Retreat From Internet, to Abandon Go.com Portal Site". New York Times. Archived from the original on 17 February 2022. Retrieved 17 February 2022.
  78. ^ "NBC to Shut Down NBCi". PBS. 9 April 2001. Archived from the original on 17 February 2022. Retrieved 17 February 2022.
  79. ^ Higgins, Chris (15 July 2017). "On This Day in 2003, Netscape Went Offline Forever". Mental Floss. Archived from the original on 12 February 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
  80. ^ "How Apache Came to Be". httpd.apache.org. Apache. Archived from the original on 7 June 2008. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
  81. ^ Moschovitis, Christos J. P (1999). History of the Internet : a chronology, 1843 to the present. Internet Archive. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-57607-118-2.
  82. ^ "December 1996 Web Server Survey". Netcraft.co.uk. Netcraft. December 1996. Archived from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
  83. ^ "NETSCAPE COMMUNICATIONS SHIPS RELEASE 1.0 OF NETSCAPE NAVIGATOR AND NETSCAPE SERVERS". Netscape. Archived from the original on 27 October 1996. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
  84. ^ "History of the Mozilla Project". mozilla.org. Mozilla. Archived from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
  85. ^ Campbell-Kelly, Martin; Garcia-Swartz, Daniel D (2013). "The History of the Internet: The Missing Narratives". Journal of Information Technology. 28 (1): 54–57. doi:10.1057/jit.2013.4. ISSN 0268-3962. S2CID 41013. SSRN 867087.
  86. ^ "Browser". Mashable. Archived from the original on 2 September 2011. Retrieved 2 September 2011.
  87. ^ "Microsoft Internet Explorer 3.0 Is World's Fastest-Growing Browser". Microsoft. 29 January 1997. Archived from the original on 15 August 2022. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
  88. ^ Vaughan-Nichols, Steven (21 May 2012). "Chrome beats Internet Explorer in global Web browser race". ZDNet. Archived from the original on 14 February 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
  89. ^ Ellis, Megan (2 April 2019). "5 Reasons Why Android Is So Much More Popular Than iPhone". MUO. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
  90. ^ "Welcome to Chromium". 2 September 2008. Archived from the original on 12 January 2018. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
  91. ^ Hachman, Mark (17 February 2021). "Chromebooks continued to outsell Macs in 2020". PC World. Archived from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
  92. ^ Balachander Krishnamurthy, Graham Cormode (2 June 2008). "Key differences between Web 1.0 and Web 2.0". First Monday. 13 (6). Archived from the original on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
  93. ^ "Geocities – Dead Media Archive". cultureandcommunication.org. Archived from the original on 24 May 2014. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
  94. ^ "So Long, GeoCities: We Forgot You Still Existed". 23 April 2009. Archived from the original on 17 October 2014. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
  95. ^ Viswanathan, Ganesh; Dutt Mathur, Punit; Yammiyavar, Pradeep (March 2010). From Web 1.0 to Web 2.0 and beyond: Reviewing usability heuristic criteria taking music sites as case studies. IndiaHCI Conference. Mumbai. Archived from the original on 21 March 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  96. ^ "Is there a Web 1.0?". HowStuffWorks. January 28, 2008. Archived from the original on February 22, 2019. Retrieved February 15, 2019.
  97. ^ "The Right Size of Software". www.catb.org. Archived from the original on 17 June 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  98. ^ Flew, Terry (2008). New Media: An Introduction (3rd ed.). Melbourne: Oxford University Press. p. 19.
  99. ^ Susarla, Anjana; Oh, Jeong-Ha; Tan, Yong (2012). "Social Networks and the Diffusion of User-Generated Content: Evidence from YouTube". Information Systems Research. 23 (1): 23–41. doi:10.1287/isre.1100.0339. ISSN 1047-7047. JSTOR 23207870. Archived from the original on 12 July 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
  100. ^ "Victim Of Wikipedia: Microsoft To Shut Down Encarta". Forbes. Archived from the original on 12 July 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
  101. ^ "What is Web 2.0? | Definition from TechTarget". WhatIs. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
  102. ^ "What Is Web 2.0?". CBS News. 1 May 2008. Archived from the original on 16 April 2022. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
  103. ^ "The Good, the Bad, And the 'Web 2.0'". Wall Street Journal. 19 July 2007. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on 16 April 2022. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
  104. ^ Anderson, Paul (2016). "14.2.1 AJAX: The Key to Web 2.0". Web 2.0 and Beyond: Principles and Technologies. CRC Press. p. 257. ISBN 978-1-4398-2868-7.
  105. ^ Han, Sam (2012). Web 2.0. Routledge. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-136-99606-1.
  106. ^ "How companies are benefiting from Web 2.0". McKinsey. Archived from the original on 27 March 2022. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
  107. ^ "Tim Berners-Lee's original World Wide Web browser". Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. With recent phenomena like blogs and wikis, the Web is beginning to develop the kind of collaborative nature that its inventor envisaged from the start.
  108. ^ Gibbs, Mark (12 April 2004). "There's nothing odd about the slickness of Oddpost". Network Word. Archived from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
  109. ^ Singel, Ryan (6 October 2005). "Are You Ready for Web 2.0?". Wired. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  110. ^ Shankland, Stephen (20 March 2009). "Browser war centers on once-obscure JavaScript". CNet. Archived from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
  111. ^ Skuse, Cole (12 January 2021). "Gone in a flash: Adobe Flash removed from online browsers". The Tartan. Archived from the original on 27 January 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  112. ^ Hughes, Matthew (11 September 2015). "The Web Just Became More Secure: Google Drops Support for Java". makeuseof.com. MUO. Archived from the original on 16 February 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  113. ^ Deo, Prakash Vidyarthi (2012). Technologies and Protocols for the Future of Internet Design: Reinventing the Web: Reinventing the Web. IGI Global. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-4666-0204-5.
  114. ^ Schuster, Jenna (10 June 2016). "A brief history of internet service providers". Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
  115. ^ Hickson, Ian. "WHAT open mailing list announcement". whatwg.org. WHATWG. Archived from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  116. ^ Target, Sinclair. "The Rise and Rise of JSON". twobithistory.org. Sinclair Target. Archived from the original on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  117. ^ Daly, Janet (7 March 2007). "W3C Relaunches HTML Activity". W3C. Archived from the original on 16 February 2022. Retrieved 17 February 2022.
  118. ^ Shankland, Stephen (9 July 2009). "An epitaph for the Web standard, XHTML 2". CNet. Archived from the original on 16 February 2022. Retrieved 17 February 2022.
  119. ^ "Memorandum of Understanding Between W3C and WHATWG". w3.org. W3C. Archived from the original on 29 May 2019. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  120. ^ Bradshaw, Kyle (6 December 2018). "Microsoft confirms Edge rewrite based on Google's Chromium for 'improved compatibility'". 9to5Google. 925. Archived from the original on 14 February 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
  121. ^ Kortti, Jukka (17 April 2019). Media in History: An Introduction to the Meanings and Transformations of Communication Over Time. Macmillan International Higher Education. p. 142. ISBN 978-1-352-00596-7.
  122. ^ Gragido, Will; Pirc, John (7 January 2011). Cybercrime and Espionage: An Analysis of Subversive Multi-Vector Threats. Newnes. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-59749-614-8.
  123. ^ Goldman, David (9 February 2011). "Smartphones have conquered PCs". CNN. Archived from the original on 9 December 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
  124. ^ Murphy, Mike (1 November 2016). "More websites were viewed on mobile devices and tablets than desktops for the first time ever this month". Quartz. Archived from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
  125. ^ Ortolani, Parker (3 June 2021). "Remembering Apple's 'sweet solution' for iPhone apps before the App Store". 9to5Mac. Archived from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
  126. ^ "Web APIs". MDN Web Docs. Mozilla. Archived from the original on 13 February 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  127. ^ Velazco, Chris (2 July 2012). "Mozilla's Boot To Gecko Becomes Firefox OS, Scores Support From Sprint, Deutsche Telekom, ZTE, And More". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
  128. ^ Lunden, Ingrid (8 December 2015). "Mozilla Will Stop Developing And Selling Firefox OS Smartphones". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
  129. ^ Besbris, David (7 October 2015). "Introducing the Accelerated Mobile Pages Project, for a faster, open mobile web". Google. Archived from the original on 17 June 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
  130. ^ Osmani, Addy (December 2015). "Getting Started with Progressive Web Apps". Google Inc. Archived from the original on 22 February 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
  131. ^ Virgilio, Roberto de; Giunchiglia, Fausto; Tanca, Letizia (2010). Semantic Web Information Management: A Model-Based Perspective. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 481. ISBN 978-3-642-04329-1.
  132. ^ Gottinger, Hans W. (2017). Internet Economics: Models, Mechanisms and Management. Bentham Science Publishers. p. 126. ISBN 978-1-68108-546-3.
  133. ^ "What is Internet of Things? Internet of Things Definition". amazingalgorithms.com. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
  134. ^ Ragnedda, Massimo; Destefanis, Giuseppe (2019). Blockchain and Web 3.0: Social, Economic, and Technological Challenges. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-63920-3.
  135. ^ https://www.rsisinternational.org/IJRSI/Issue31/75-78.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  136. ^ Almeida, F. (2017). Concept and dimensions of web 4.0. International journal of computers and technology, 16(7).
  137. ^ "The Commission wants the EU to lead on 'Web 4.0' — whatever that is". 11 July 2023.
  138. ^ Brügger, Niels (2013). "Web historiography and Internet Studies: Challenges and perspectives". New Media & Society. 15 (5): 752–764. doi:10.1177/1461444812462852. ISSN 1461-4448. S2CID 32892005. Archived from the original on 14 December 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
  139. ^ Craig, William. "The Importance of Historiography on the Web". WebFX. Archived from the original on 14 December 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022.

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]

 

A tag cloud (a typical Web 2.0 phenomenon in itself) presenting Web 2.0 themes

Web 2.0 (also known as participative (or participatory)[1] web and social web)[2] refers to websites that emphasize user-generated content, ease of use, participatory culture, and interoperability (i.e., compatibility with other products, systems, and devices) for end users.

The term was coined by Darcy DiNucci in 1999[3] and later popularized by Tim O'Reilly and Dale Dougherty at the first Web 2.0 Conference in 2004.[4][5][6] Although the term mimics the numbering of software versions, it does not denote a formal change in the nature of the World Wide Web;[7] the term merely describes a general change that occurred during this period as interactive websites proliferated and came to overshadow the older, more static websites of the original Web.[2]

A Web 2.0 website allows users to interact and collaborate through social media dialogue as creators of user-generated content in a virtual community. This contrasts the first generation of Web 1.0-era websites where people were limited to passively viewing content. Examples of Web 2.0 features include social networking sites or social media sites (e.g., Facebook), blogs, wikis, folksonomies ("tagging" keywords on websites and links), video sharing sites (e.g., YouTube), image sharing sites (e.g., Flickr), hosted services, Web applications ("apps"), collaborative consumption platforms, and mashup applications.

Whether Web 2.0 is substantially different from prior Web technologies has been challenged by World Wide Web inventor Tim Berners-Lee, who describes the term as jargon.[8] His original vision of the Web was "a collaborative medium, a place where we [could] all meet and read and write".[9][10] On the other hand, the term Semantic Web (sometimes referred to as Web 3.0)[11] was coined by Berners-Lee to refer to a web of content where the meaning can be processed by machines.[12]

History

[edit]

Web 1.0

[edit]

Web 1.0 is a retronym referring to the first stage of the World Wide Web's evolution, from roughly 1989 to 2004. According to Graham Cormode and Balachander Krishnamurthy, "content creators were few in Web 1.0 with the vast majority of users simply acting as consumers of content".[13] Personal web pages were common, consisting mainly of static pages hosted on ISP-run web servers, or on free web hosting services such as Tripod and the now-defunct GeoCities.[14][15] With Web 2.0, it became common for average web users to have social-networking profiles (on sites such as Myspace and Facebook) and personal blogs (sites like Blogger, Tumblr and LiveJournal) through either a low-cost web hosting service or through a dedicated host. In general, content was generated dynamically, allowing readers to comment directly on pages in a way that was not common previously.[citation needed]

Some Web 2.0 capabilities were present in the days of Web 1.0, but were implemented differently. For example, a Web 1.0 site may have had a guestbook page for visitor comments, instead of a comment section at the end of each page (typical of Web 2.0). During Web 1.0, server performance and bandwidth had to be considered—lengthy comment threads on multiple pages could potentially slow down an entire site. Terry Flew, in his third edition of New Media, described the differences between Web 1.0 and Web 2.0 as a

"move from personal websites to blogs and blog site aggregation, from publishing to participation, from web content as the outcome of large up-front investment to an ongoing and interactive process, and from content management systems to links based on "tagging" website content using keywords (folksonomy)."

Flew believed these factors formed the trends that resulted in the onset of the Web 2.0 "craze".[16]

Characteristics

[edit]

Some common design elements of a Web 1.0 site include:[17]

Web 2.0

[edit]

The term "Web 2.0" was coined by Darcy DiNucci, an information architecture consultant, in her January 1999 article "Fragmented Future":[3][20]

"The Web we know now, which loads into a browser window in essentially static screenfuls, is only an embryo of the Web to come. The first glimmerings of Web 2.0 are beginning to appear, and we are just starting to see how that embryo might develop. The Web will be understood not as screenfuls of text and graphics but as a transport mechanism, the ether through which interactivity happens. It will [...] appear on your computer screen, [...] on your TV set [...] your car dashboard [...] your cell phone [...] hand-held game machines [...] maybe even your microwave oven."

Writing when Palm Inc. introduced its first web-capable personal digital assistant (supporting Web access with WAP), DiNucci saw the Web "fragmenting" into a future that extended beyond the browser/PC combination it was identified with. She focused on how the basic information structure and hyper-linking mechanism introduced by HTTP would be used by a variety of devices and platforms. As such, her "2.0" designation refers to the next version of the Web that does not directly relate to the term's current use.

The term Web 2.0 did not resurface until 2002.[21][22][23] Companies such as Amazon, Facebook, Twitter, and Google, made it easy to connect and engage in online transactions. Web 2.0 introduced new features, such as multimedia content and interactive web applications, which mainly consisted of two-dimensional screens.[24] Kinsley and Eric focus on the concepts currently associated with the term where, as Scott Dietzen puts it, "the Web becomes a universal, standards-based integration platform".[23] In 2004, the term began to popularize when O'Reilly Media and MediaLive hosted the first Web 2.0 conference. In their opening remarks, John Battelle and Tim O'Reilly outlined their definition of the "Web as Platform", where software applications are built upon the Web as opposed to upon the desktop. The unique aspect of this migration, they argued, is that "customers are building your business for you".[25] They argued that the activities of users generating content (in the form of ideas, text, videos, or pictures) could be "harnessed" to create value. O'Reilly and Battelle contrasted Web 2.0 with what they called "Web 1.0". They associated this term with the business models of Netscape and the Encyclopædia Britannica Online. For example,

"Netscape framed 'the web as platform' in terms of the old software paradigm: their flagship product was the web browser, a desktop application, and their strategy was to use their dominance in the browser market to establish a market for high-priced server products. Control over standards for displaying content and applications in the browser would, in theory, give Netscape the kind of market power enjoyed by Microsoft in the PC market. Much like the 'horseless carriage' framed the automobile as an extension of the familiar, Netscape promoted a 'webtop' to replace the desktop, and planned to populate that webtop with information updates and applets pushed to the webtop by information providers who would purchase Netscape servers.[26]"

In short, Netscape focused on creating software, releasing updates and bug fixes, and distributing it to the end users. O'Reilly contrasted this with Google, a company that did not, at the time, focus on producing end-user software, but instead on providing a service based on data, such as the links that Web page authors make between sites. Google exploits this user-generated content to offer Web searches based on reputation through its "PageRank" algorithm. Unlike software, which undergoes scheduled releases, such services are constantly updated, a process called "the perpetual beta". A similar difference can be seen between the Encyclopædia Britannica Online and Wikipedia – while the Britannica relies upon experts to write articles and release them periodically in publications, Wikipedia relies on trust in (sometimes anonymous) community members to constantly write and edit content. Wikipedia editors are not required to have educational credentials, such as degrees, in the subjects in which they are editing. Wikipedia is not based on subject-matter expertise, but rather on an adaptation of the open source software adage "given enough eyeballs, all bugs are shallow". This maxim is stating that if enough users are able to look at a software product's code (or a website), then these users will be able to fix any "bugs" or other problems. The Wikipedia volunteer editor community produces, edits, and updates articles constantly. Web 2.0 conferences have been held every year since 2004, attracting entrepreneurs, representatives from large companies, tech experts and technology reporters.

The popularity of Web 2.0 was acknowledged by 2006 TIME magazine Person of The Year (You).[27] That is, TIME selected the masses of users who were participating in content creation on social networks, blogs, wikis, and media sharing sites.

In the cover story, Lev Grossman explains:

"It's a story about community and collaboration on a scale never seen before. It's about the cosmic compendium of knowledge Wikipedia and the million-channel people's network YouTube and the online metropolis MySpace. It's about the many wresting power from the few and helping one another for nothing and how that will not only change the world but also change the way the world changes."

Characteristics

[edit]

Instead of merely reading a Web 2.0 site, a user is invited to contribute to the site's content by commenting on published articles, or creating a user account] or profile on the site, which may enable increased participation. By increasing emphasis on these already-extant capabilities, they encourage users to rely more on their browser for user interface, application software ("apps") and file storage facilities. This has been called "network as platform" computing.[5] Major features of Web 2.0 include social networking websites, self-publishing platforms (e.g., WordPress' easy-to-use blog and website creation tools), "tagging" (which enables users to label websites, videos or photos in some fashion), "like" buttons (which enable a user to indicate that they are pleased by online content), and social bookmarking.

Users can provide the data and exercise some control over what they share on a Web 2.0 site.[5][28] These sites may have an "architecture of participation" that encourages users to add value to the application as they use it.[4][5] Users can add value in many ways, such as uploading their own content on blogs, consumer-evaluation platforms (e.g. Amazon and eBay), news websites (e.g. responding in the comment section), social networking services, media-sharing websites (e.g. YouTube and Instagram) and collaborative-writing projects.[29] Some scholars argue that cloud computing is an example of Web 2.0 because it is simply an implication of computing on the Internet.[30]

Edit box interface through which anyone could edit a Wikipedia article

Web 2.0 offers almost all users the same freedom to contribute,[31] which can lead to effects that are varyingly perceived as productive by members of a given community or not, which can lead to emotional distress and disagreement. The impossibility of excluding group members who do not contribute to the provision of goods (i.e., to the creation of a user-generated website) from sharing the benefits (of using the website) gives rise to the possibility that serious members will prefer to withhold their contribution of effort and "free ride" on the contributions of others.[32] This requires what is sometimes called radical trust by the management of the Web site.

Encyclopaedia Britannica calls Wikipedia "the epitome of the so-called Web 2.0" and describes what many view as the ideal of a Web 2.0 platform as "an egalitarian environment where the web of social software enmeshes users in both their real and virtual-reality workplaces."[33]

According to Best,[34] the characteristics of Web 2.0 are rich user experience, user participation, dynamic content, metadata, Web standards, and scalability. Further characteristics, such as openness, freedom,[35] and collective intelligence[36] by way of user participation, can also be viewed as essential attributes of Web 2.0. Some websites require users to contribute user-generated content to have access to the website, to discourage "free riding".

A list of ways that people can volunteer to improve Mass Effect Wiki on Wikia, an example of content generated by users working collaboratively

The key features of Web 2.0 include:[citation needed]

  1. Folksonomy – free classification of information; allows users to collectively classify and find information (e.g. "tagging" of websites, images, videos or links)
  2. Rich user experience – dynamic content that is responsive to user input (e.g., a user can "click" on an image to enlarge it or find out more information)
  3. User participation – information flows two ways between the site owner and site users by means of evaluation, review, and online commenting. Site users also typically create user-generated content for others to see (e.g., Wikipedia, an online encyclopedia that anyone can write articles for or edit)
  4. Software as a service (SaaS) – Web 2.0 sites developed APIs to allow automated usage, such as by a Web "app" (software application) or a mashup
  5. Mass participation – near-universal web access leads to differentiation of concerns, from the traditional Internet user base (who tended to be hackers and computer hobbyists) to a wider variety of users, drastically changing the audience of internet users.

Technologies

[edit]

The client-side (Web browser) technologies used in Web 2.0 development include Ajax and JavaScript frameworks. Ajax programming uses JavaScript and the Document Object Model (DOM) to update selected regions of the page area without undergoing a full page reload. To allow users to continue interacting with the page, communications such as data requests going to the server are separated from data coming back to the page (asynchronously).

Otherwise, the user would have to routinely wait for the data to come back before they can do anything else on that page, just as a user has to wait for a page to complete the reload. This also increases the overall performance of the site, as the sending of requests can complete quicker independent of blocking and queueing required to send data back to the client. The data fetched by an Ajax request is typically formatted in XML or JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) format, two widely used structured data formats. Since both of these formats are natively understood by JavaScript, a programmer can easily use them to transmit structured data in their Web application.

When this data is received via Ajax, the JavaScript program then uses the Document Object Model to dynamically update the Web page based on the new data, allowing for rapid and interactive user experience. In short, using these techniques, web designers can make their pages function like desktop applications. For example, Google Docs uses this technique to create a Web-based word processor.

As a widely available plug-in independent of W3C standards (the World Wide Web Consortium is the governing body of Web standards and protocols), Adobe Flash was capable of doing many things that were not possible pre-HTML5. Of Flash's many capabilities, the most commonly used was its ability to integrate streaming multimedia into HTML pages. With the introduction of HTML5 in 2010 and the growing concerns with Flash's security, the role of Flash became obsolete, with browser support ending on December 31, 2020.

In addition to Flash and Ajax, JavaScript/Ajax frameworks have recently become a very popular means of creating Web 2.0 sites. At their core, these frameworks use the same technology as JavaScript, Ajax, and the DOM. However, frameworks smooth over inconsistencies between Web browsers and extend the functionality available to developers. Many of them also come with customizable, prefabricated 'widgets' that accomplish such common tasks as picking a date from a calendar, displaying a data chart, or making a tabbed panel.

On the server-side, Web 2.0 uses many of the same technologies as Web 1.0. Languages such as Perl, PHP, Python, Ruby, as well as Enterprise Java (J2EE) and Microsoft.NET Framework, are used by developers to output data dynamically using information from files and databases. This allows websites and web services to share machine readable formats such as XML (Atom, RSS, etc.) and JSON. When data is available in one of these formats, another website can use it to integrate a portion of that site's functionality.

Concepts

[edit]

Web 2.0 can be described in three parts:

  • Rich web application – defines the experience brought from desktop to browser, whether it is "rich" from a graphical point of view or a usability/interactivity or features point of view.[contradictory]
  • Web-oriented architecture (WOA) – defines how Web 2.0 applications expose their functionality so that other applications can leverage and integrate the functionality providing a set of much richer applications. Examples are feeds, RSS feeds, web services, mashups.
  • Social Web – defines how Web 2.0 websites tend to interact much more with the end user and make the end user an integral part of the website, either by adding his or her profile, adding comments on content, uploading new content, or adding user-generated content (e.g., personal digital photos).

As such, Web 2.0 draws together the capabilities of client- and server-side software, content syndication and the use of network protocols. Standards-oriented Web browsers may use plug-ins and software extensions to handle the content and user interactions. Web 2.0 sites provide users with information storage, creation, and dissemination capabilities that were not possible in the environment known as "Web 1.0".

Web 2.0 sites include the following features and techniques, referred to as the acronym SLATES by Andrew McAfee:[37]

Search
Finding information through keyword search.
Links to other websites
Connects information sources together using the model of the Web.
Authoring
The ability to create and update content leads to the collaborative work of many authors. Wiki users may extend, undo, redo and edit each other's work. Comment systems allow readers to contribute their viewpoints.
Tags
Categorization of content by users adding "tags" — short, usually one-word or two-word descriptions — to facilitate searching. For example, a user can tag a metal song as "death metal". Collections of tags created by many users within a single system may be referred to as "folksonomies" (i.e., folk taxonomies).
Extensions
Software that makes the Web an application platform as well as a document server. Examples include Adobe Reader, Adobe Flash, Microsoft Silverlight, ActiveX, Oracle Java, QuickTime, WPS Office and Windows Media.
Signals
The use of syndication technology, such as RSS feeds to notify users of content changes.

While SLATES forms the basic framework of Enterprise 2.0, it does not contradict all of the higher level Web 2.0 design patterns and business models. It includes discussions of self-service IT, the long tail of enterprise IT demand, and many other consequences of the Web 2.0 era in enterprise uses.[38]

Social Web

[edit]

A third important part of Web 2.0 is the social web. The social Web consists of a number of online tools and platforms where people share their perspectives, opinions, thoughts and experiences. Web 2.0 applications tend to interact much more with the end user. As such, the end user is not only a user of the application but also a participant by:

The popularity of the term Web 2.0, along with the increasing use of blogs, wikis, and social networking technologies, has led many in academia and business to append a flurry of 2.0's to existing concepts and fields of study,[39] including Library 2.0, Social Work 2.0,[40] Enterprise 2.0, PR 2.0,[41] Classroom 2.0,[42] Publishing 2.0,[43] Medicine 2.0,[44] Telco 2.0, Travel 2.0, Government 2.0,[45] and even Porn 2.0.[46] Many of these 2.0s refer to Web 2.0 technologies as the source of the new version in their respective disciplines and areas. For example, in the Talis white paper "Library 2.0: The Challenge of Disruptive Innovation", Paul Miller argues

"Blogs, wikis and RSS are often held up as exemplary manifestations of Web 2.0. A reader of a blog or a wiki is provided with tools to add a comment or even, in the case of the wiki, to edit the content. This is what we call the Read/Write web. Talis believes that Library 2.0 means harnessing this type of participation so that libraries can benefit from increasingly rich collaborative cataloging efforts, such as including contributions from partner libraries as well as adding rich enhancements, such as book jackets or movie files, to records from publishers and others."[47]

Here, Miller links Web 2.0 technologies and the culture of participation that they engender to the field of library science, supporting his claim that there is now a "Library 2.0". Many of the other proponents of new 2.0s mentioned here use similar methods. The meaning of Web 2.0 is role dependent. For example, some use Web 2.0 to establish and maintain relationships through social networks, while some marketing managers might use this promising technology to "end-run traditionally unresponsive I.T. department[s]."[48]

There is a debate over the use of Web 2.0 technologies in mainstream education. Issues under consideration include the understanding of students' different learning modes; the conflicts between ideas entrenched in informal online communities and educational establishments' views on the production and authentication of 'formal' knowledge; and questions about privacy, plagiarism, shared authorship and the ownership of knowledge and information produced and/or published on line.[49]

Marketing

[edit]

Web 2.0 is used by companies, non-profit organisations and governments for interactive marketing. A growing number of marketers are using Web 2.0 tools to collaborate with consumers on product development, customer service enhancement, product or service improvement and promotion. Companies can use Web 2.0 tools to improve collaboration with both its business partners and consumers. Among other things, company employees have created wikis—Websites that allow users to add, delete, and edit content — to list answers to frequently asked questions about each product, and consumers have added significant contributions.

Another marketing Web 2.0 lure is to make sure consumers can use the online community to network among themselves on topics of their own choosing.[50] Mainstream media usage of Web 2.0 is increasing. Saturating media hubs—like The New York Times, PC Magazine and Business Week — with links to popular new Web sites and services, is critical to achieving the threshold for mass adoption of those services.[51] User web content can be used to gauge consumer satisfaction. In a recent article for Bank Technology News, Shane Kite describes how Citigroup's Global Transaction Services unit monitors social media outlets to address customer issues and improve products.[52]

Destination marketing

[edit]

In tourism industries, social media is an effective channel to attract travellers and promote tourism products and services by engaging with customers. The brand of tourist destinations can be built through marketing campaigns on social media and by engaging with customers. For example, the "Snow at First Sight" campaign launched by the State of Colorado aimed to bring brand awareness to Colorado as a winter destination. The campaign used social media platforms, for example, Facebook and Twitter, to promote this competition, and requested the participants to share experiences, pictures and videos on social media platforms. As a result, Colorado enhanced their image as a winter destination and created a campaign worth about $2.9 million.[citation needed]

The tourism organisation can earn brand royalty from interactive marketing campaigns on social media with engaging passive communication tactics. For example, "Moms" advisors of the Walt Disney World are responsible for offering suggestions and replying to questions about the family trips at Walt Disney World. Due to its characteristic of expertise in Disney, "Moms" was chosen to represent the campaign.[53] Social networking sites, such as Facebook, can be used as a platform for providing detailed information about the marketing campaign, as well as real-time online communication with customers. Korean Airline Tour created and maintained a relationship with customers by using Facebook for individual communication purposes.[54]

Travel 2.0 refers a model of Web 2.0 on tourism industries which provides virtual travel communities. The travel 2.0 model allows users to create their own content and exchange their words through globally interactive features on websites.[55][56] The users also can contribute their experiences, images and suggestions regarding their trips through online travel communities. For example, TripAdvisor is an online travel community which enables user to rate and share autonomously their reviews and feedback on hotels and tourist destinations. Non pre-associate users can interact socially and communicate through discussion forums on TripAdvisor.[57]

Social media, especially Travel 2.0 websites, plays a crucial role in decision-making behaviors of travelers. The user-generated content on social media tools have a significant impact on travelers choices and organisation preferences. Travel 2.0 sparked radical change in receiving information methods for travelers, from business-to-customer marketing into peer-to-peer reviews. User-generated content became a vital tool for helping a number of travelers manage their international travels, especially for first time visitors.[58] The travellers tend to trust and rely on peer-to-peer reviews and virtual communications on social media rather than the information provided by travel suppliers.[57][53]

In addition, an autonomous review feature on social media would help travelers reduce risks and uncertainties before the purchasing stages.[55][58] Social media is also a channel for customer complaints and negative feedback which can damage images and reputations of organisations and destinations.[58] For example, a majority of UK travellers read customer reviews before booking hotels, these hotels receiving negative feedback would be refrained by half of customers.[58]

Therefore, the organisations should develop strategic plans to handle and manage the negative feedback on social media. Although the user-generated content and rating systems on social media are out of a business' controls, the business can monitor those conversations and participate in communities to enhance customer loyalty and maintain customer relationships.[53]

Education

[edit]

Web 2.0 could allow for more collaborative education. For example, blogs give students a public space to interact with one another and the content of the class.[59] Some studies suggest that Web 2.0 can increase the public's understanding of science, which could improve government policy decisions. A 2012 study by researchers at the University of Wisconsin–Madison notes that

"...the internet could be a crucial tool in increasing the general public's level of science literacy. This increase could then lead to better communication between researchers and the public, more substantive discussion, and more informed policy decision."[60]

Web-based applications and desktops

[edit]

Ajax has prompted the development of Web sites that mimic desktop applications, such as word processing, the spreadsheet, and slide-show presentation. WYSIWYG wiki and blogging sites replicate many features of PC authoring applications. Several browser-based services have emerged, including EyeOS[61] and YouOS.(No longer active.)[62] Although named operating systems, many of these services are application platforms. They mimic the user experience of desktop operating systems, offering features and applications similar to a PC environment, and are able to run within any modern browser. However, these so-called "operating systems" do not directly control the hardware on the client's computer. Numerous web-based application services appeared during the dot-com bubble of 1997–2001 and then vanished, having failed to gain a critical mass of customers.

Distribution of media

[edit]

XML and RSS

[edit]

Many regard syndication of site content as a Web 2.0 feature. Syndication uses standardized protocols to permit end-users to make use of a site's data in another context (such as another Web site, a browser plugin, or a separate desktop application). Protocols permitting syndication include RSS (really simple syndication, also known as Web syndication), RDF (as in RSS 1.1), and Atom, all of which are XML-based formats. Observers have started to refer to these technologies as Web feeds.

Specialized protocols such as FOAF and XFN (both for social networking) extend the functionality of sites and permit end-users to interact without centralized Web sites.

Web APIs

[edit]

Web 2.0 often uses machine-based interactions such as REST and SOAP. Servers often expose proprietary Application programming interfaces (APIs), but standard APIs (for example, for posting to a blog or notifying a blog update) have also come into use. Most communications through APIs involve XML or JSON payloads. REST APIs, through their use of self-descriptive messages and hypermedia as the engine of application state, should be self-describing once an entry URI is known. Web Services Description Language (WSDL) is the standard way of publishing a SOAP Application programming interface and there are a range of Web service specifications.

Trademark

[edit]

In November 2004, CMP Media applied to the USPTO for a service mark on the use of the term "WEB 2.0" for live events.[63] On the basis of this application, CMP Media sent a cease-and-desist demand to the Irish non-profit organisation IT@Cork on May 24, 2006,[64] but retracted it two days later.[65] The "WEB 2.0" service mark registration passed final PTO Examining Attorney review on May 10, 2006, and was registered on June 27, 2006.[63] The European Union application (which would confer unambiguous status in Ireland)[66] was declined on May 23, 2007.

Criticism

[edit]

Critics of the term claim that "Web 2.0" does not represent a new version of the World Wide Web at all, but merely continues to use so-called "Web 1.0" technologies and concepts:[8]

  • First, techniques such as Ajax do not replace underlying protocols like HTTP, but add a layer of abstraction on top of them.
  • Second, many of the ideas of Web 2.0 were already featured in implementations on networked systems well before the term "Web 2.0" emerged. Amazon.com, for instance, has allowed users to write reviews and consumer guides since its launch in 1995, in a form of self-publishing. Amazon also opened its API to outside developers in 2002.[67]
    Previous developments also came from research in computer-supported collaborative learning and computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW) and from established products like Lotus Notes and Lotus Domino, all phenomena that preceded Web 2.0. Tim Berners-Lee, who developed the initial technologies of the Web, has been an outspoken critic of the term, while supporting many of the elements associated with it.[68] In the environment where the Web originated, each workstation had a dedicated IP address and always-on connection to the Internet. Sharing a file or publishing a web page was as simple as moving the file into a shared folder.[69]
  • Perhaps the most common criticism is that the term is unclear or simply a buzzword. For many people who work in software, version numbers like 2.0 and 3.0 are for software versioning or hardware versioning only, and to assign 2.0 arbitrarily to many technologies with a variety of real version numbers has no meaning. The web does not have a version number. For example, in a 2006 interview with IBM developerWorks podcast editor Scott Laningham, Tim Berners-Lee described the term "Web 2.0" as jargon:[8]

    "Nobody really knows what it means... If Web 2.0 for you is blogs and wikis, then that is people to people. But that was what the Web was supposed to be all along... Web 2.0, for some people, it means moving some of the thinking [to the] client side, so making it more immediate, but the idea of the Web as interaction between people is really what the Web is. That was what it was designed to be... a collaborative space where people can interact."

  • Other critics labeled Web 2.0 "a second bubble" (referring to the Dot-com bubble of 1997–2000), suggesting that too many Web 2.0 companies attempt to develop the same product with a lack of business models. For example, The Economist has dubbed the mid- to late-2000s focus on Web companies as "Bubble 2.0".[70]
  • In terms of Web 2.0's social impact, critics such as Andrew Keen argue that Web 2.0 has created a cult of digital narcissism and amateurism, which undermines the notion of expertise by allowing anybody, anywhere to share and place undue value upon their own opinions about any subject and post any kind of content, regardless of their actual talent, knowledge, credentials, biases or possible hidden agendas. Keen's 2007 book, Cult of the Amateur, argues that the core assumption of Web 2.0, that all opinions and user-generated content are equally valuable and relevant, is misguided. Additionally, Sunday Times reviewer John Flintoff has characterized Web 2.0 as "creating an endless digital forest of mediocrity: uninformed political commentary, unseemly home videos, embarrassingly amateurish music, unreadable poems, essays and novels... [and that Wikipedia is full of] mistakes, half-truths and misunderstandings".[71] In a 1994 Wired interview, Steve Jobs, forecasting the future development of the web for personal publishing, said:

    "The Web is great because that person can't foist anything on you—you have to go get it. They can make themselves available, but if nobody wants to look at their site, that's fine. To be honest, most people who have something to say get published now."[72]

    Michael Gorman, former president of the American Library Association has been vocal about his opposition to Web 2.0 due to the lack of expertise that it outwardly claims, though he believes that there is hope for the future.:[73]

    "The task before us is to extend into the digital world the virtues of authenticity, expertise, and scholarly apparatus that have evolved over the 500 years of print, virtues often absent in the manuscript age that preceded print".

  • There is also a growing body of critique of Web 2.0 from the perspective of political economy. Since, as Tim O'Reilly and John Batelle put it, Web 2.0 is based on the "customers... building your business for you,"[25] critics have argued that sites such as Google, Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter are exploiting the "free labor"[74] of user-created content.[75] Web 2.0 sites use Terms of Service agreements to claim perpetual licenses to user-generated content, and they use that content to create profiles of users to sell to marketers.[76] This is part of increased surveillance of user activity happening within Web 2.0 sites.[77] Jonathan Zittrain of Harvard's Berkman Center for the Internet and Society argues that such data can be used by governments who want to monitor dissident citizens.[78] The rise of AJAX-driven web sites where much of the content must be rendered on the client has meant that users of older hardware are given worse performance versus a site purely composed of HTML, where the processing takes place on the server.[79] Accessibility for disabled or impaired users may also suffer in a Web 2.0 site.[80]
  • Others have noted that Web 2.0 technologies are tied to particular political ideologies. "Web 2.0 discourse is a conduit for the materialization of neoliberal ideology."[81] The technologies of Web 2.0 may also "function as a disciplining technology within the framework of a neoliberal political economy."[82]
  • When looking at Web 2.0 from a cultural convergence view, according to Henry Jenkins,[83] it can be problematic because the consumers are doing more and more work in order to entertain themselves. For instance, Twitter offers online tools for users to create their own tweet, in a way the users are doing all the work when it comes to producing media content.

See also

[edit]
Application domains

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Blank, Grant; Reisdorf, Bianca (2012-05-01). "The Participatory Web". Information. 15 (4): 537–554. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2012.665935. ISSN 1369-118X. S2CID 143357345.
  2. ^ a b "What is Web 1.0? - Definition from Techopedia". Techopedia.com. Archived from the original on 2018-07-13. Retrieved 2018-07-13.
  3. ^ a b DiNucci, Darcy (1999). "Fragmented Future" (PDF). Print. 53 (4): 32. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-11-10. Retrieved 2011-11-04.
  4. ^ a b Graham, Paul (November 2005). "Web 2.0". Archived from the original on 2012-10-10. Retrieved 2006-08-02. I first heard the phrase 'Web 2.0' in the name of the Web 2.0 conference in 2004.
  5. ^ a b c d O'Reilly, Tim (2005-09-30). "What Is Web 2.0". O'Reilly Network. Archived from the original on 2013-04-24. Retrieved 2006-08-06.
  6. ^ Strickland, Jonathan (2007-12-28). "How Web 2.0 Works". computer.howstuffworks.com. Archived from the original on 2015-02-17. Retrieved 2015-02-28.
  7. ^ Sykora, M. (2017). "Web 1.0 to Web 2.0: an observational study and empirical evidence for the historical r(evolution) of the social web". International Journal of Web Engineering and Technology. 12: 70. doi:10.1504/IJWET.2017.084024. S2CID 207429020.
  8. ^ a b c "DeveloperWorks Interviews: Tim Berners-Lee". IBM. 2006-07-28. Archived from the original on 2012-08-21. Retrieved 2012-08-05.
  9. ^ "Berners-Lee on the read/write web". BBC News. 2005-08-09. Archived from the original on 2012-09-01. Retrieved 2012-08-05.
  10. ^ Richardson, Will (2009). Blogs, Wikis, Podcasts, and Other Powerful Web Tools for Classrooms (2nd ed.). California: Corwin Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-4129-5972-8.
  11. ^ "What is Web 3.0? Webopedia Definition". www.webopedia.com. September 1996. Archived from the original on 2017-02-15. Retrieved 2017-02-15.
  12. ^ Berners-Lee, Tim; James Hendler; Ora Lassila (May 17, 2001). "The Semantic Web" (PDF). Scientific American. 410 (6832): 1023–4. Bibcode:2001SciAm.284e..34B. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0501-34. PMID 11323639. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 1, 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
  13. ^ Balachander Krishnamurthy, Graham Cormode (2 June 2008). "Key differences between Web 1.0 and Web 2.0". First Monday. 13 (6). Archived from the original on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
  14. ^ "Geocities – Dead Media Archive". cultureandcommunication.org. Archived from the original on 2014-05-24. Retrieved 2014-09-23.
  15. ^ "So Long, GeoCities: We Forgot You Still Existed". 2009-04-23. Archived from the original on 2014-10-17. Retrieved 2014-09-23.
  16. ^ Flew, Terry (2008). New Media: An Introduction (3rd ed.). Melbourne: Oxford University Press. p. 19.
  17. ^ Viswanathan, Ganesh; Dutt Mathur, Punit; Yammiyavar, Pradeep (March 2010). "From Web 1.0 to Web 2.0 and beyond: Reviewing usability heuristic criteria taking music sites as case studies". IndiaHCI Conference. Mumbai. Archived from the original on 21 March 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2015. cite journal: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  18. ^ "Is there a Web 1.0?". HowStuffWorks. January 28, 2008. Archived from the original on February 22, 2019. Retrieved February 15, 2019.
  19. ^ "The Right Size of Software". www.catb.org. Archived from the original on 2015-06-17. Retrieved 2015-02-20.
  20. ^ Aced, Cristina. (2013). Web 2.0: the origin of the word that has changed the way we understand public relations. Archived 2022-04-16 at the Wayback Machine
  21. ^ Idehen, Kingsley. 2003. RSS: INJAN (It's not just about news). Blog. Blog Data Space. August 21 OpenLinkSW.com
  22. ^ Idehen, Kingsley. 2003. Jeff Bezos Comments about Web Services. Blog. Blog Data Space. September 25. OpenLinkSW.com Archived 2010-02-12 at the Wayback Machine
  23. ^ a b Knorr, Eric. 2003. The year of Web services. CIO, December 15.
  24. ^ Kshetri, Nir (2022-03-01). "Web 3.0 and the Metaverse Shaping Organizations' Brand and Product Strategies". IT Professional. 24 (2): 11–15. doi:10.1109/MITP.2022.3157206. ISSN 1520-9202. S2CID 248546789. Archived from the original on 2022-10-31. Retrieved 2022-12-02.
  25. ^ a b O'Reilly, Tim, and John Battelle. 2004. Opening Welcome: State of the Internet Industry. In San Francisco, California, October 5.
  26. ^ O'Reilly, T., 2005.
  27. ^ Grossman, Lev. 2006. Person of the Year: You. December 25. Time.com Archived 2009-09-23 at the Wayback Machine
  28. ^ Hinchcliffe, Dion (2006-04-02). "The State of Web 2.0". Cloudflare. Web Services. Archived from the original on 2007-05-15. Retrieved 2006-08-06.
  29. ^ Perry, Ronen; Zarsky, Tal (2015-08-01). "Who Should Be Liable for Online Anonymous Defamation?". Rochester, NY. SSRN 2671399. cite journal: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  30. ^ [SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=732483 Archived 2022-01-12 at the Wayback Machine Wireless Communications and Computing at a Crossroads: New Paradigms and Their Impact on Theories Governing the Public's Right to Spectrum Access], Patrick S. Ryan, Journal on Telecommunications & High Technology Law, Vol. 3, No. 2, p. 239, 2005.
  31. ^ Pal, Surendra Kumar. "Learn More About Web 2.0". academia.edu. Archived from the original on 2021-08-14. Retrieved 2015-10-14. cite journal: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  32. ^ Gerald Marwell and Ruth E. Ames: "Experiments on the Provision of Public Goods. I. Resources, Interest, Group Size, and the Free-Rider Problem". The American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 84, No. 6 (May, 1979), pp. 1335–1360
  33. ^ Hosch, William L.; Tikkanen, Amy; Ray, Michael; Cunningham, John M.; Dandrea, Carlos; Gregersen, Erik; Lotha, Gloria (2023-04-13). "Wikipedia". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2022-01-21. Retrieved 2023-05-11.
  34. ^ Best, D., 2006. Web 2.0 Next Big Thing or Next Big Internet Bubble? Lecture Web Information Systems. Techni sche Universiteit Eindhoven.
  35. ^ Greenmeier, Larry & Gaudin, Sharon. "Amid The Rush To Web 2.0, Some Words Of Warning – Web 2.0 – InformationWeek". www.informationweek.com. Archived from the original on 2008-04-21. Retrieved 2008-04-04.
  36. ^ O'Reilly, T., 2005. What is Web 2.0. Design Patterns and Business Models for the Next Generation of Software, p. 30
  37. ^ McAfee, A. (2006). Enterprise 2.0: The Dawn of Emergent Collaboration. MIT Sloan Management review. Vol. 47, No. 3, p. 21–28.
  38. ^ Hinchcliffe, Dion (November 5, 2006). "Web 2.0 definition updated and Enterprise 2.0 emerges". ZDNet blogs. Archived from the original on 2006-11-29.
  39. ^ Schick, S., 2005. I second that emotion. IT Business.ca (Canada).
  40. ^ Singer, Jonathan B. (2009). The Role and Regulations for Technology in Social Work Practice and E-Therapy: Social Work 2.0. In A. R. Roberts (Ed). New York, U.S.: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-536937-3.
  41. ^ Breakenridge, Deirdre (2008). PR 2.0: New Media, New Tools, New Audiences. Pearson Education. ISBN 978-0-13-270397-0.
  42. ^ "Classroom 2.0". Archived from the original on 2010-09-22. Retrieved 2010-09-22.
  43. ^ Karp, Scott. "Publishing 2.0". Publishing2.com. Archived from the original on 2011-02-06. Retrieved 2011-02-06.
  44. ^ Medicine 2.0
  45. ^ Eggers, William D. (2005). Government 2.0: Using Technology to Improve Education, Cut Red Tape, Reduce Gridlock, and Enhance Democracy. Lanham MD, U.S.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7425-4175-7. Archived from the original on 2009-02-17.
  46. ^ Rusak, Sergey (October 1, 2009). Web 2.0 Becoming An Outdated Term. Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.: Progressive Advertiser. Archived from the original on March 3, 2010.
  47. ^ Miller 10–11
  48. ^ "i-Technology Viewpoint: It's Time to Take the Quotation Marks Off "Web 2.0" | Web 2.0 Journal". Web2.sys-con.com. Archived from the original on 2011-02-16. Retrieved 2011-02-06.
  49. ^ Anderson, Paul (2007). "What is Web 2.0? Ideas, technologies and implications for education". JISC Technology and Standards Watch. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.108.9995.
  50. ^ Parise, Salvatore (2008-12-16). "The Secrets of Marketing in a Web 2.0 World". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 2017-07-10. Retrieved 2017-08-08.
  51. ^ MacManus, Richard (2007). "Mainstream Media Usage of Web 2.0 Services is Increasing". Read Write Web. Archived from the original on 2011-08-11.
  52. ^ "Banks use Web 2.0 to increase customer retention". PNT Marketing Services. 2010. Archived from the original on 2010-11-14. Retrieved 2010-11-14.
  53. ^ a b c Hudson, Simon; Thal, Karen (2013-01-01). "The Impact of Social Media on the Consumer Decision Process: Implications for Tourism Marketing". Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing. 30 (1–2): 156–160. doi:10.1080/10548408.2013.751276. ISSN 1054-8408. S2CID 154791353.
  54. ^ Park, Jongpil; Oh, Ick-Keun (2012-01-01). "A Case Study of Social Media Marketing by Travel Agency: The Salience of Social Media Marketing in the Tourism Industry". International Journal of Tourism Sciences. 12 (1): 93–106. doi:10.1080/15980634.2012.11434654. ISSN 1598-0634. S2CID 142955027.
  55. ^ a b Buhalis, Dimitrios; Law, Rob (2008). "Progress in information technology and tourism management: 20 years on and 10 years after the Internet—The state of eTourism research" (PDF). Tourism Management. 29 (4): 609–623. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2008.01.005. hdl:10397/527. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-08-19. Retrieved 2019-12-13.
  56. ^ Milano, Roberta; Baggio, Rodolfo; Piattelli, Robert (2011-01-01). "The effects of online social media on tourism websites". Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2011. Springer, Vienna. pp. 471–483. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.454.3557. doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-0503-0_38. ISBN 978-3-7091-0502-3. S2CID 18545498.
  57. ^ a b Miguens, J.; Baggio, R. (2008). "Social media and Tourism Destinations: TripAdvisor Case Study" (PDF). Advances in Tourism Research: 26–28. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-08-30. Retrieved 2017-05-10.
  58. ^ a b c d Zeng, Benxiang; Gerritsen, Rolf (2014-04-01). "What do we know about social media in tourism? A review". Tourism Management Perspectives. 10: 27–36. doi:10.1016/j.tmp.2014.01.001.
  59. ^ Richardson, Will (2010). Blogs, Wikis, Podcasts, and Other Powerful Web Tools for Classrooms. Corwin Press. p. 171. ISBN 978-1-4129-7747-0.
  60. ^ Pete Ladwig; Kajsa E. Dalrymple; Dominique Brossard; Dietram A. Scheufele; Elizabeth A. Corley (2012). "Perceived familiarity or factual knowledge? Comparing operationalizations of scientific understanding". Science and Public Policy. 39 (6): 761–774. doi:10.1093/scipol/scs048.
  61. ^ "Can eyeOS Succeed Where Desktop.com Failed?". www.techcrunch.com. Archived from the original on 2007-12-12. Retrieved 2007-12-12.
  62. ^ "Tech Beat Hey YouOS! – BusinessWeek". www.businessweek.com. Archived from the original on 2007-12-17. Retrieved 2007-12-12.
  63. ^ a b "USPTO serial number 78322306". Tarr.uspto.gov. Archived from the original on 2011-01-13. Retrieved 2011-02-06.
  64. ^ "O'Reilly and CMP Exercise Trademark on 'Web 2.0'". Slashdot. 2006-05-26. Archived from the original on 2009-05-11. Retrieved 2006-05-27.
  65. ^ Torkington, Nathan (2006-05-26). "O'Reilly's coverage of Web 2.0 as a service mark". O'Reilly Radar. Archived from the original on 15 January 2008. Retrieved 2006-06-01.
  66. ^ "Application number 004972212". EUIPO. 2007. Retrieved 2010-03-22.
  67. ^ O'Reilly, Tim (2002-06-18). "Amazon Web Services API". O'Reilly Network. Archived from the original on 2006-06-13. Retrieved 2006-05-27.
  68. ^ "Tim Berners-Lee on Web 2.0: "nobody even knows what it means"". September 2006. Archived from the original on 2017-07-08. Retrieved 2017-06-15. He's big on blogs and wikis, and has nothing but good things to say about AJAX, but Berners-Lee faults the term "Web 2.0" for lacking any coherent meaning.
  69. ^ "developerWorks Interviews: Tim Berners-Lee". IBM. 2006-08-22. Archived from the original on 2007-07-01. Retrieved 2007-06-04.
  70. ^ "Bubble 2.0". The Economist. 2005-12-22. Archived from the original on 2006-11-19. Retrieved 2006-12-20.
  71. ^ Flintoff, JohnPaul (2007-06-03). "Thinking is so over". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 2009-05-07. Retrieved 2009-06-05.
  72. ^ Wolf, Gary. "Steve Jobs: The Next Insanely Great Thing". Wired. Archived from the original on 2015-04-18. Retrieved 2015-04-16.
  73. ^ Gorman, Michael. "Web 2.0: The Sleep of Reason, Part 1". Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 26 April 2011.
  74. ^ Terranova, Tiziana (2000). "Free Labor: Producing Culture for the Digital Economy". Social Text. 18 (2): 33–58. doi:10.1215/01642472-18-2_63-33. S2CID 153872482.
  75. ^ Peterson, Soren (2008). "Loser Generated Content: From Participation to Exploitation". First Monday. 13 (3). Archived from the original on 2012-10-25. Retrieved 2012-04-28. Taylor, Astra (2014). The People's Platform: Taking Back Power and Culture in the Digital Age. Metropolitan Books. ISBN 9780805093568.
  76. ^ Gehl, Robert (2011). "The Archive and the Processor: The Internal Logic of Web 2.0". New Media and Society. 13 (8): 1228–1244. doi:10.1177/1461444811401735. S2CID 38776985.
  77. ^ Andrejevic, Mark (2007). iSpy: Surveillance and Power in the Interactive Era. Lawrence, KS: U P of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-1528-5.
  78. ^ Zittrain, Jonathan. "Minds for Sale". Berkman Center for the Internet and Society. Archived from the original on 12 November 2011. Retrieved 13 April 2012.
  79. ^ "Accessibility in Web 2.0 technology". IBM. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2014-09-15. In the Web application domain, making static Web pages accessible is relatively easy. But for Web 2.0 technology, dynamic content and fancy visual effects can make accessibility testing very difficult.
  80. ^ "Web 2.0 and Accessibility". Archived from the original on 24 August 2014. Web 2.0 applications or websites are often very difficult to control by users with assistive technology.
  81. ^ Marwick, Alice (2010). "Status Update: Celebrity, publicity and Self-Branding in Web 2.0" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-07-22. Retrieved 2017-07-06. cite journal: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  82. ^ Jarrett, Kylie (2008). "Interactivity Is Evil! A Critical Investigation of Web 2.0" (PDF). First Monday. 13 (3). doi:10.5210/fm.v13i3.2140. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-11-03. Retrieved 2019-12-13.
  83. ^ Jenkins, Henry (2008). "Convergence Culture". The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies. 14 (1): 5–12. doi:10.1177/1354856507084415.
[edit]
  • Learning materials related to Web 2.0 at Wikiversity
  • Web 2.0 / Social Media / Social Networks. Charleston, South Carolina, SUA: MultiMedia. 2017. ISBN 978-1-544-63831-7.

 

 

(Learn how and when to remove this message)

Web development is the work involved in developing a website for the Internet (World Wide Web) or an intranet (a private network).[1] Web development can range from developing a simple single static page of plain text to complex web applications, electronic businesses, and social network services. A more comprehensive list of tasks to which Web development commonly refers, may include Web engineering, Web design, Web content development, client liaison, client-side/server-side scripting, Web server and network security configuration, and e-commerce development.

Among Web professionals, "Web development" usually refers to the main non-design aspects of building Web sites: writing markup and coding.[2] Web development may use content management systems (CMS) to make content changes easier and available with basic technical skills.

For larger organizations and businesses, Web development teams can consist of hundreds of people (Web developers) and follow standard methods like Agile methodologies while developing Web sites.[1] Smaller organizations may only require a single permanent or contracting developer, or secondary assignment to related job positions such as a graphic designer or information systems technician. Web development may be a collaborative effort between departments rather than the domain of a designated department. There are three kinds of Web developer specialization: front-end developer, back-end developer, and full-stack developer.[3] Front-end developers are responsible for behavior and visuals that run in the user browser, while back-end developers deal with the servers.[4] Since the commercialization of the Web, the industry has boomed and has become one of the most used technologies ever.

Evolution of the World Wide Web and web development

[edit]

Origin/ Web 1.0

[edit]

Tim Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web in 1989 at CERN.[5]

The primary goal in the development of the Web was to fulfill the automated information-sharing needs of academics affiliated with institutions and various global organizations. Consequently, HTML was developed in 1993.[6]

Web 1.0 is described as the first paradigm wherein users could only view material and provide a small amount of information.[7] Core protocols of web 1.0 were HTTP, HTML and URI.[8]

Web 2.0

[edit]

Web 2.0, a term popularised by Dale Dougherty, then vice president of O'Reilly, during a 2004 conference with Media Live, marks a shift in internet usage, emphasizing interactivity.[9][10]

Web 2.0 introduced increased user engagement and communication. It evolved from the static, read-only nature of Web 1.0 and became an integrated network for engagement and communication. It is often referred to as a user-focused, read-write online network.[7]

In the realm of Web 2.0 environments, users now have access to a platform that encourages sharing activities such as creating music, files, images, and movies.[11] The architecture of Web 2.0 is often considered the "backbone of the internet," using standardized XML (Extensible Markup Language) tags to authorize information flow from independent platforms and online databases.[7]

Web 3.0

[edit]

Web 3.0, considered the third and current version of the web, was introduced in 2014. The concept envisions a complete redesign of the web. Key features include the integration of metadata, precise information delivery, and improved user experiences based on preferences, history, and interests.[citation needed]

Web 3.0 aims to turn the web into a sizable, organized database, providing more functionality than traditional search engines. Users can customize navigation based on their preferences, and the core ideas involve identifying data sources, connecting them for efficiency, and creating user profiles.[7]

This version is sometimes also known as Semantic Web.[12]

Evolution of web development technologies

[edit]

The journey of web development technologies began with simple HTML pages in the early days of the internet. Over time, advancements led to the incorporation of CSS for styling and JavaScript for interactivity. This evolution transformed static websites into dynamic and responsive platforms, setting the stage for the complex and feature-rich web applications we have today.

Web development in future will be driven by advances in browser technology, Web internet infrastructure, protocol standards, software engineering methods, and application trends.[8]

Web development life cycle

[edit]

The web development life cycle is a method that outlines the stages involved in building websites and web applications. It provides a structured approach, ensuring optimal results throughout the development process.[citation needed]

A typical Web Development process can be divided into 7 steps.

Analysis

[edit]

Debra Howcraft and John Carroll proposed a methodology in which web development process can be divided into sequential steps. They mentioned different aspects of analysis.[17]

Phase one involves crafting a web strategy and analyzing how a website can effectively achieve its goals. Keil et al.'s research[18] identifies the primary reasons for software project failures as a lack of top management commitment and misunderstandings of system requirements. To mitigate these risks, Phase One establishes strategic goals and objectives, designing a system to fulfill them. The decision to establish a web presence should ideally align with the organization's corporate information strategy.

The analysis phase can be divided into 3 steps:

  • Development of a web strategy
  • Defining objectives
  • Objective analysis

During this phase, the previously outlined objectives and available resources undergo analysis to determine their feasibility. This analysis is divided into six tasks, as follows:

  • Technology analysis: Identification of all necessary technological components and tools for constructing, hosting, and supporting the site.
  • Information analysis: Identification of user-required information, whether static (web page) or dynamic (pulled "live" from a database server).
  • Skills analysis: Identification of the diverse skill sets necessary to complete the project.
  • User analysis: Identification of all intended users of the site, a more intricate process due to the varied range of users and technologies they may use.
  • Cost analysis: Estimation of the development cost for the site or an evaluation of what is achievable within a predefined budget.
  • Risk analysis: Examination of any major risks associated with site development.

Following this analysis, a more refined set of objectives is documented. Objectives that cannot be presently fulfilled are recorded in a Wish List, constituting part of the Objectives Document. This documentation becomes integral to the iterative process during the subsequent cycle of the methodology.[17]

Planning: sitemap and wireframe

[edit]

It is crucial for web developers to be engaged in formulating a plan and determining the optimal architecture and selecting the frameworks.[citation needed] Additionally, developers/consultants play a role in elucidating the total cost of ownership associated with supporting a website, which may surpass the initial development expenses.

Key aspects in this step are:

Design and layout

[edit]

Following the analysis phase, the development process moves on to the design phase, which is guided by the objectives document. Recognizing the incremental growth of websites and the potential lack of good design architecture, the methodology includes iteration to account for changes and additions over the life of the site. The design phase, which is divided into Information Design and Graphic Design, results in a detailed Design Document that details the structure of the website, database data structures, and CGI scripts.*

The following step, design testing, focuses on early, low-cost testing to identify inconsistencies or flaws in the design. This entails comparing the website's design to the goals and objectives outlined in the first three steps. Phases One and Two involve an iterative loop in which objectives in the Objectives Document are revisited to ensure alignment with the design. Any objectives that are removed are added to the Wish List for future consideration.[17]

Key aspects in this step are:

Content creation

[edit]

No matter how visually appealing a website is, good communication with clients is critical. The primary purpose of content production is to create a communication channel through the user interface by delivering relevant information about your firm in an engaging and easily understandable manner. This includes:[citation needed]

  • Developing appealing calls to action
  • Making creative headlines
  • Content formatting for readability
  • Carrying out line editing
  • Text updating throughout the site development process.

The stage of content production is critical in establishing the branding and marketing of your website or web application. It serves as a platform for defining the purpose and goals of your online presence through compelling and convincing content.

Development

[edit]

During this critical stage, the website is built while keeping its fundamental goal in mind, paying close attention to all graphic components to assure the establishment of a completely working site.

The procedure begins with the development of the main page, which is followed by the production of interior pages. The site's navigational structure is being refined in particular.

During this development phase, key functionality such as the Content Management System, interactive contact forms, and shopping carts are activated.

The coding process includes creating all of the site's software and installing it on the appropriate Web servers. This can range from simple things like posting to a Web server to more complex tasks like establishing database connections.

Testing, review and launch

[edit]

In any web project, the testing phase is incredibly intricate and difficult. Because web apps are frequently designed for a diverse and often unknown user base running in a range of technological environments, their complexity exceeds that of traditional Information Systems (IS). To ensure maximum reach and efficacy, the website must be tested in a variety of contexts and technologies. The website moves to the delivery stage after gaining final approval from the designer. To ensure its preparation for launch, the quality assurance team performs rigorous testing for functionality, compatibility, and performance.

Additional testing is carried out, including integration, stress, scalability, load, resolution, and cross-browser compatibility. When the approval is given, the website is pushed to the server via FTP, completing the development process.

Key aspects in this step are:

  • Test Lost Links
  • Use code validators
  • Check browser

Maintenance and updating

[edit]

The web development process goes beyond deployment to include a variety of post-deployment tasks.

Websites, in example, are frequently under ongoing maintenance, with new items being uploaded on a daily basis. The maintenance costs increases immensely as the site grows in size. The accuracy of content on a website is critical, demanding continuous monitoring to verify that both information and links, particularly external links, are updated. Adjustments are made in response to user feedback, and regular support and maintenance actions are carried out to maintain the website's long-term effectiveness.[17]

Traditional development methodologies

[edit]

Debra Howcraft and John Carroll discussed a few traditional web development methodologies in their research paper:[17]

  • Waterfall: The waterfall methodology comprises a sequence of cascading steps, addressing the development process with minimal iteration between each stage. However, a significant drawback when applying the waterfall methodology to the development of websites (as well as information systems) lies in its rigid structure, lacking iteration beyond adjacent stages. Any methodology used for the development of Web-sites must be flexible enough to cope with change.[17]
  • Structured Systems Analysis and Design Method (SSADM): Structured Systems Analysis and Design Method (SSADM) is a widely used methodology for systems analysis and design in information systems and software engineering. Although it does not cover the entire lifecycle of a development project, it places a strong emphasis on the stages of analysis and design in the hopes of minimizing later-stage, expensive errors and omissions.[17]
  • Prototyping: Prototyping is a software development approach in which a preliminary version of a system or application is built to visualize and test its key functionalities. The prototype serves as a tangible representation of the final product, allowing stakeholders, including users and developers, to interact with it and provide feedback.
  • Rapid Application Development: Rapid Application Development (RAD) is a software development methodology that prioritizes speed and flexibility in the development process. It is designed to produce high-quality systems quickly, primarily through the use of iterative prototyping and the involvement of end-users. RAD aims to reduce the time it takes to develop a system and increase the adaptability to changing requirements.
  • Incremental Prototyping: Incremental prototyping is a software development approach that combines the principles of prototyping and incremental development. In this methodology, the development process is divided into small increments, with each increment building upon the functionality of the previous one. At the same time, prototypes are created and refined in each increment to better meet user requirements and expectations.

Key technologies in web development

[edit]

Developing a fundamental knowledge of client-side and server-side dynamics is crucial.[citation needed]

The goal of front-end development is to create a website's user interface and visual components that users may interact with directly. On the other hand, back-end development works with databases, server-side logic, and application functionality. Building reliable and user-friendly online applications requires a comprehensive approach, which is ensured by collaboration between front-end and back-end engineers.

Front-end development

[edit]

Front-end development is the process of designing and implementing the user interface (UI) and user experience (UX) of a web application. It involves creating visually appealing and interactive elements that users interact with directly. The primary technologies and concepts associated with front-end development include:

Technologies

[edit]

The 3 core technologies for front-end development are:

  • HTML (Hypertext Markup Language): HTML provides the structure and organization of content on a webpage.
  • CSS (Cascading Style Sheet): Responsible for styling and layout, CSS enhances the presentation of HTML elements, making the application visually appealing.
  • JavaScript: It is used to add interactions to the web pages. Advancement in JavaScript has given rise to many popular front- end frameworks like React, Angular and Vue.js etc.

User interface design

[edit]

User experience design focuses on creating interfaces that are intuitive, accessible, and enjoyable for users. It involves understanding user behavior, conducting usability studies, and implementing design principles to enhance the overall satisfaction of users interacting with a website or application. This involves wireframing, prototyping, and implementing design principles to enhance user interaction. Some of the popular tools used for UI Wireframing are -

  • Sketch for detailed, vector-based design
  • Moqups for beginners
  • Figma for a free wireframe app
  • UXPin for handing off design documentation to developers
  • MockFlow for project organization
  • Justinmind for interactive wireframes
  • Uizard for AI-assisted wireframing

Another key aspect to keep in mind while designing is Web Accessibility- Web accessibility ensures that digital content is available and usable for people of all abilities. This involves adhering to standards like the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG), implementing features like alternative text for images, and designing with considerations for diverse user needs, including those with disabilities.

Responsive design

[edit]

It is important to ensure that web applications are accessible and visually appealing across various devices and screen sizes. Responsive design uses CSS media queries and flexible layouts to adapt to different viewing environments.

Front-end frameworks

[edit]

A framework is a high-level solution for the reuse of software pieces, a step forward in simple library-based reuse that allows for sharing common functions and generic logic of a domain application.[19]

Frameworks and libraries are essential tools that expedite the development process. These tools enhance developer productivity and contribute to the maintainability of large-scale applications. Some popular front-end frameworks are:

  • React: A JavaScript library for building user interfaces, maintained by Facebook. It allows developers to create reusable UI components.
  • Angular: A TypeScript-based front-end framework developed and maintained by Google. It provides a comprehensive solution for building dynamic single-page applications.
  • Vue.js: A progressive JavaScript framework that is approachable yet powerful, making it easy to integrate with other libraries or existing projects.

State management

[edit]

Managing the state of a web application to ensure data consistency and responsiveness. State management libraries like Redux (for React) or Vuex (for Vue.js) play a crucial role in complex applications.

Back-end development

[edit]

Back-end development involves building the server-side logic and database components of a web application. It is responsible for processing user requests, managing data, and ensuring the overall functionality of the application. Key aspects of back-end development include:

Server/ cloud instance

[edit]

An essential component of the architecture of a web application is a server or cloud instance. A cloud instance is a virtual server instance that can be accessed via the Internet and is created, delivered, and hosted on a public or private cloud. It functions as a physical server that may seamlessly move between various devices with ease or set up several instances on one server. It is therefore very dynamic, scalable, and economical.

Databases

[edit]

Database management is crucial for storing, retrieving, and managing data in web applications. Various database systems, such as MySQL, PostgreSQL, and MongoDB, play distinct roles in organizing and structuring data. Effective database management ensures the responsiveness and efficiency of data-driven web applications. There are 3 types of databases:

The choice of a database depends on various factors such as the nature of the data, scalability requirements, performance considerations, and the specific use case of the application being developed. Each type of database has its strengths and weaknesses, and selecting the right one involves considering the specific needs of the project.

Application programming interface (APIs)

[edit]

Application Programming Interfaces are sets of rules and protocols that allow different software applications to communicate with each other. APIs define the methods and data formats that applications can use to request and exchange information.

  • RESTful APIs and GraphQL are common approaches for defining and interacting with web services.
Types of APIs
[edit]
  • Web APIs: These are APIs that are accessible over the internet using standard web protocols such as HTTP. RESTful APIs are a common type of web API.
  • Library APIs: These APIs provide pre-built functions and procedures that developers can use within their code.
  • Operating System APIs: These APIs allow applications to interact with the underlying operating system, accessing features like file systems, hardware, and system services.

Server-side languages

[edit]

Programming languages aimed at server execution, as opposed to client browser execution, are known as server-side languages. These programming languages are used in web development to perform operations including data processing, database interaction, and the creation of dynamic content that is delivered to the client's browser. A key element of server-side programming is server-side scripting, which allows the server to react to client requests in real time.

Some popular server-side languages are:

  1. PHP: PHP is a widely used, open-source server-side scripting language. It is embedded in HTML code and is particularly well-suited for web development.
  2. Python: Python is a versatile, high-level programming language used for a variety of purposes, including server-side web development. Frameworks like Django and Flask make it easy to build web applications in Python.
  3. Ruby: Ruby is an object-oriented programming language, and it is commonly used for web development. Ruby on Rails is a popular web framework that simplifies the process of building web applications.
  4. Java: Java is a general-purpose, object-oriented programming language. Java-based frameworks like Spring are commonly used for building enterprise-level web applications.
  5. Node.js (JavaScript): While JavaScript is traditionally a client-side language, Node.js enables developers to run JavaScript on the server side. It is known for its event-driven, non-blocking I/O model, making it suitable for building scalable and high-performance applications.
  6. C# (C Sharp): C# is a programming language developed by Microsoft and is commonly used in conjunction with the .NET framework for building web applications on the Microsoft stack.
  7. ASP.NET: ASP.NET is a web framework developed by Microsoft, and it supports languages like C# and VB.NET. It simplifies the process of building dynamic web applications.
  8. Go (Golang): Go is a statically typed language developed by Google. It is known for its simplicity and efficiency and is increasingly being used for building scalable and high-performance web applications.
  9. Perl: Perl is a versatile scripting language often used for web development. It is known for its powerful text-processing capabilities.
  10. Swift: Developed by Apple, Swift is used for server-side development in addition to iOS and macOS app development.
  11. Lua: Lua is used for some embedded web servers, e.g. the configuration pages on a router, including OpenWRT.

Security measures

[edit]

Implementing security measures to protect against common vulnerabilities, including SQL injection, cross-site scripting (XSS), and cross-site request forgery (CSRF). Authentication and authorization mechanisms are crucial for securing data and user access.

Testing, debugging and deployment

[edit]

Thorough testing and debugging processes are essential for identifying and resolving issues in a web application. Testing may include unit testing, integration testing, and user acceptance testing. Debugging involves pinpointing and fixing errors in the code, ensuring the reliability and stability of the application.

  • Unit Testing: Testing individual components or functions to verify that they work as expected.
  • Integration Testing: Testing the interactions between different components or modules to ensure they function correctly together.
  • Continuous Integration and Deployment (CI/CD): CI/CD pipelines automate testing, deployment, and delivery processes, allowing for faster and more reliable releases.

Full-stack development

[edit]

Full-stack development refers to the practice of designing, building, and maintaining the entire software stack of a web application. This includes both the frontend (client-side) and backend (server-side) components, as well as the database and any other necessary infrastructure. A full-stack developer is someone who has expertise in working with both the frontend and backend technologies, allowing them to handle all aspects of web application development.

  • MEAN (MongoDB, Express.js, Angular, Node.js) and MERN (MongoDB, Express.js, React, Node.js) are popular full-stack development stacks that streamline the development process by providing a cohesive set of technologies.

Web development tools and environments

[edit]

Efficient web development relies on a set of tools and environments that streamline the coding and collaboration processes:

  1. Integrated development environments (IDEs): Tools like Visual Studio Code, Atom, and Sublime Text provide features such as code highlighting, autocompletion, and version control integration, enhancing the development experience.
  2. Version control: Git is a widely used version control system that allows developers to track changes, collaborate seamlessly, and roll back to previous versions if needed.
  3. Collaboration tools: Communication platforms like Slack, project management tools such as Jira, and collaboration platforms like GitHub facilitate effective teamwork and project management.

Security practices in web development

[edit]

Security is paramount in web development to protect against cyber threats and ensure the confidentiality and integrity of user data. Best practices include encryption, secure coding practices, regular security audits, and staying informed about the latest security vulnerabilities and patches.

  • Common threats: Developers must be aware of common security threats, including SQL injection, cross-site scripting (XSS), and cross-site request forgery (CSRF).
  • Secure coding practices: Adhering to secure coding practices involves input validation, proper data sanitization, and ensuring that sensitive information is stored and transmitted securely.
  • Authentication and authorization: Implementing robust authentication mechanisms, such as OAuth or JSON Web Tokens (JWT), ensures that only authorized users can access specific resources within the application.

Agile methodology in web development

[edit]

Agile manifesto and principles

[edit]

Agile is a set of principles and values for software development that prioritize flexibility, collaboration, and customer satisfaction. The four key values are:

  • Individuals and interactions over processes and tools.
  • Working software over comprehensive documentation.
  • Customer collaboration over contract negotiation.
  • Responding to change over following a plan.

Agile concepts in web development

[edit]
  1. Iterative and incremental development: Building and refining a web application through small, repeatable cycles, enhancing features incrementally with each iteration.
  2. Scrum and kanban: Employing agile frameworks like Scrum for structured sprints or Kanban for continuous flow to manage tasks and enhance team efficiency.
  3. Cross-functional teams: Forming collaborative teams with diverse skill sets, ensuring all necessary expertise is present for comprehensive web development.
  4. Customer collaboration: Engaging customers throughout the development process to gather feedback, validate requirements, and ensure the delivered product aligns with expectations.
  5. Adaptability to change: Embracing changes in requirements or priorities even late in the development process to enhance the product's responsiveness to evolving needs.
  6. User stories and backlog: Capturing functional requirements through user stories and maintaining a backlog of prioritized tasks to guide development efforts.
  7. Continuous integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD): Implementing automated processes to continuously integrate code changes and deliver updated versions, ensuring a streamlined and efficient development pipeline.
 

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "What is Web Development? - Definition from Techopedia". Techopedia.com. Retrieved 2018-12-07.
  2. ^ Campbell, Jennifer (2017). Web Design: Introductory. Cengage Learning. p. 27.
  3. ^ Northwood, Chris (2018-11-19). The Full Stack Developer: Your Essential Guide to the Everyday Skills Expected of a Modern Full Stack Web Developer. Apress. ISBN 978-1-4842-4152-3.
  4. ^ "Discover The Difference Between Front-End Vs. Back-End Developer – Forbes Advisor". forbes.com. May 30, 2023.
  5. ^ "A short history of the Web". CERN. 2023-12-04. Retrieved 2023-12-10.
  6. ^ "WebD2: A Brief History of HTML". www.washington.edu. Retrieved 2023-12-10.
  7. ^ a b c d Soni, Anuj; Gupta, Sachin; Talwandi, Navjot Singh (September 2023). "Evolution Of Web Technologies in Recent Years" (PDF). Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research. 10 (9). ISSN 2349-5162.
  8. ^ a b Jazayeri, Mehdi (2007). "Some Trends in Web Application Development". Future of Software Engineering (FOSE '07). pp. 199–213. doi:10.1109/fose.2007.26. ISBN 978-0-7695-2829-8. S2CID 7279594. Retrieved 2023-11-30.
  9. ^ "Web 2.0". www.paulgraham.com. Retrieved 2023-12-10.
  10. ^ "How Web 2.0 Works". HowStuffWorks. 2007-12-28. Retrieved 2023-12-10.
  11. ^ Hall, Heather (2022-05-01). "Web 2.0 Explained: Everything You Need To Know". History-Computer. Retrieved 2023-12-10.
  12. ^ Du, Xiaofeng; Song, William; Munro, Malcolm (2009), Barry, Chris; Lang, Michael; Wojtkowski, Wita; Conboy, Kieran (eds.), "Semantic Service Description Framework for Address", Information Systems Development, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 1033–1045, doi:10.1007/978-0-387-78578-3_35, ISBN 978-0-387-78577-6, retrieved 2023-11-30
  13. ^ "20 Years of CSS". W3C. 2016-12-17. Retrieved 2023-12-10.
  14. ^ "JavaScript History". www.w3schools.com. Retrieved 2023-12-10.
  15. ^ "A brief history of PHP". ifj.edu.pl. Retrieved 2023-12-10.
  16. ^ . 2007-06-23 https://web.archive.org/web/20070623125327/http://www.alexhopmann.com/xmlhttp.htm. Archived from the original on 2007-06-23. Retrieved 2023-12-10. cite web: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  17. ^ a b c d e f g Howcroft, Debra; Carroll, John (2000). "A proposed methodology for web development". Ecis 2000 Proceedings.
  18. ^ Keil, Mark; Cule, Paul E.; Lyytinen, Kalle; Schmidt, Roy C. (November 1998). "A framework for identifying software project risks". Communications of the ACM. 41 (11): 76–83. doi:10.1145/287831.287843. ISSN 0001-0782.
  19. ^ Salas-Zárate, María del Pilar; Alor-Hernández, Giner; Valencia-García, Rafael; Rodríguez-Mazahua, Lisbeth; Rodríguez-González, Alejandro; López Cuadrado, José Luis (May 2015). "Analyzing best practices on Web development frameworks: The lift approach". Science of Computer Programming. 102: 1–19. doi:10.1016/j.scico.2014.12.004.

 

Photo

Driving Directions in City of Parramatta Council


Driving Directions
Chris & Code: Web Design and Development
Starting Point
Web Design Parramatta
Destination
Open in Google Maps
Driving Directions
WB Designs – Website Design Sydney
Starting Point
Web Design Parramatta
Destination
Open in Google Maps
Driving Directions
Funky Website Designs
Starting Point
Web Design Parramatta
Destination
Open in Google Maps
Driving Directions
Cloudroom Web Design + Development
Starting Point
Web Design Parramatta
Destination
Open in Google Maps
Driving Directions
Web V8 - Fast Web Design & Web Hosting
Starting Point
Web Design Parramatta
Destination
Open in Google Maps
Driving Directions
Lets Go Digital | SEO Online Digital Marketing Wetherill park | Website Design | SEO Marketing Agency Camden Liverpool Sydney
Starting Point
Web Design Parramatta
Destination
Open in Google Maps
Driving Directions
Lula Group Web Design
Starting Point
Web Design Parramatta
Destination
Open in Google Maps
Driving Directions
Small Business Web Designs
Starting Point
Web Design Parramatta
Destination
Open in Google Maps
Driving Directions
Marameo Design
Starting Point
Web Design Parramatta
Destination
Open in Google Maps
Driving Directions
Kangaroo Website Design
Starting Point
Web Design Parramatta
Destination
Open in Google Maps
Driving Directions
Keen To Design
Starting Point
Web Design Parramatta
Destination
Open in Google Maps
Driving Directions
FP Web Design Parramatta
Starting Point
Web Design Parramatta
Destination
Open in Google Maps
Google Maps Location
https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Sutherland+Shire+Website+Design/Web+Design+Parramatta/@-34.0407555,151.0900553,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1sChIJm_4L8HTHEmsRL1-xWqgarSs!2m2!1d151.0900553!2d-34.0407555!1m5!1m1!1sChIJ4dHofx-jEmsRfKkCt2SYeog!2m2!1d151.0035446!2d-33.8162174!3e0
Click below to open this location on Google Maps
Google Maps Location
https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Web+Design+Bankstown+-+Website+Design+Hut/Web+Design+Parramatta/@-33.9108566,151.0441548,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1sChIJScbrReO9EmsRUndODwYg2LY!2m2!1d151.0441548!2d-33.9108566!1m5!1m1!1sChIJ4dHofx-jEmsRfKkCt2SYeog!2m2!1d151.0035446!2d-33.8162174!3e2
Click below to open this location on Google Maps
Google Maps Location
https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Netsell+Website+Design+%26+ISP/Web+Design+Parramatta/@-33.9133766,151.1781676,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1sChIJI3ZTS1CwEmsRA_jUnbivnic!2m2!1d151.1781676!2d-33.9133766!1m5!1m1!1sChIJ4dHofx-jEmsRfKkCt2SYeog!2m2!1d151.0035446!2d-33.8162174!3e1
Click below to open this location on Google Maps
Google Maps Location
https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Realweb+Website+Design+%26+SEO+Services/Web+Design+Parramatta/@-33.8367437,151.2080972,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1sChIJVZczslaKMoURth0i94VaeW4!2m2!1d151.2080972!2d-33.8367437!1m5!1m1!1sChIJ4dHofx-jEmsRfKkCt2SYeog!2m2!1d151.0035446!2d-33.8162174!3e3
Click below to open this location on Google Maps
Google Maps Location
https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Keen+To+Design/Web+Design+Parramatta/@-33.8666763,151.2083773,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1sChIJRzN6WkykEmsRyQPOv8AYHz8!2m2!1d151.2083773!2d-33.8666763!1m5!1m1!1sChIJ4dHofx-jEmsRfKkCt2SYeog!2m2!1d151.0035446!2d-33.8162174!3e0
Click below to open this location on Google Maps
Google Maps Location
https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Lets+Go+Digital+%7C+SEO+Online+Digital+Marketing+Wetherill+park+%7C+Website+Design+%7C+SEO+Marketing+Agency+Camden+Liverpool+Sydney/Web+Design+Parramatta/@-33.8502825,150.8980407,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1sChIJ4WM4DzSTEmsRf4AL10gHsRw!2m2!1d150.8980407!2d-33.8502825!1m5!1m1!1sChIJ4dHofx-jEmsRfKkCt2SYeog!2m2!1d151.0035446!2d-33.8162174!3e2
Click below to open this location on Google Maps
Google Maps Location
https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Oz+Website+Design+Sydney/Web+Design+Parramatta/@-33.8649466,151.2024482,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1sChIJ7VWuQOUHQgoRtUmob3IcrVE!2m2!1d151.2024482!2d-33.8649466!1m5!1m1!1sChIJ4dHofx-jEmsRfKkCt2SYeog!2m2!1d151.0035446!2d-33.8162174!3e1
Click below to open this location on Google Maps
Google Maps Location
https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Small+Business+Web+Designs/Web+Design+Parramatta/@-33.8641821,151.2113799,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1sChIJUUVC0266EmsRaCgCPAHDq0w!2m2!1d151.2113799!2d-33.8641821!1m5!1m1!1sChIJ4dHofx-jEmsRfKkCt2SYeog!2m2!1d151.0035446!2d-33.8162174!3e3
Click below to open this location on Google Maps
Google Maps Location
https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Chris+%26+Code%3A+Web+Design+and+Development/Web+Design+Parramatta/@-33.7560026,151.0413647,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1sChIJq7o2jF-hEmsRBkiisUMiOiU!2m2!1d151.0413647!2d-33.7560026!1m5!1m1!1sChIJ4dHofx-jEmsRfKkCt2SYeog!2m2!1d151.0035446!2d-33.8162174!3e0
Click below to open this location on Google Maps
Google Maps Location
https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Funky+Website+Designs/Web+Design+Parramatta/@-33.9503864,150.9044946,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1sChIJ39czO7-UEmsRb1eU30JKZlw!2m2!1d150.9044946!2d-33.9503864!1m5!1m1!1sChIJ4dHofx-jEmsRfKkCt2SYeog!2m2!1d151.0035446!2d-33.8162174!3e2
Click below to open this location on Google Maps
Google Maps Location
https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Cloudroom+Web+Design+%2B+Development/Web+Design+Parramatta/@-33.8810248,151.2093708,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1sChIJNb9dOT6uEmsRHtpq6zYIAgM!2m2!1d151.2093708!2d-33.8810248!1m5!1m1!1sChIJ4dHofx-jEmsRfKkCt2SYeog!2m2!1d151.0035446!2d-33.8162174!3e1
Click below to open this location on Google Maps
Google Maps Location
https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Lula+Group+Web+Design/Web+Design+Parramatta/@-33.9236137,150.9239139,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1sChIJzZ9pekWVEmsRz-cTj9BXXI0!2m2!1d150.9239139!2d-33.9236137!1m5!1m1!1sChIJ4dHofx-jEmsRfKkCt2SYeog!2m2!1d151.0035446!2d-33.8162174!3e3
Click below to open this location on Google Maps
Google Maps Location
https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Web+V8+-+Fast+Web+Design+%26+Web+Hosting/Web+Design+Parramatta/@-33.8131305,151.0063682,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1sChIJDXNMJi-vnq0R2XCX_VnuKfw!2m2!1d151.0063682!2d-33.8131305!1m5!1m1!1sChIJ4dHofx-jEmsRfKkCt2SYeog!2m2!1d151.0035446!2d-33.8162174!3e0
Click below to open this location on Google Maps
Google Maps Location
https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Marameo+Design/Web+Design+Parramatta/@-33.8956384,151.1809458,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1sChIJlyuWWYGwEmsRFwnQuruRrOs!2m2!1d151.1809458!2d-33.8956384!1m5!1m1!1sChIJ4dHofx-jEmsRfKkCt2SYeog!2m2!1d151.0035446!2d-33.8162174!3e2
Click below to open this location on Google Maps
Google Maps Location
https://www.google.com/maps/dir/FP+Web+Design+Parramatta/Web+Design+Parramatta/@-33.8146793,151.0026561,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1sChIJE1VDsuujEmsRYFXdS7Y8zZs!2m2!1d151.0026561!2d-33.8146793!1m5!1m1!1sChIJ4dHofx-jEmsRfKkCt2SYeog!2m2!1d151.0035446!2d-33.8162174!3e1
Click below to open this location on Google Maps
Google Maps Location
https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Studio+Web+Design/Web+Design+Parramatta/@-33.8892034,151.2073073,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1sChIJzRlOVkuxEmsRFEIzFNjgS0A!2m2!1d151.2073073!2d-33.8892034!1m5!1m1!1sChIJ4dHofx-jEmsRfKkCt2SYeog!2m2!1d151.0035446!2d-33.8162174!3e3
Click below to open this location on Google Maps
Google Maps Location
https://www.google.com/maps/dir/St+George+Web+Design/Web+Design+Parramatta/@-33.8725415,151.2090299,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1sChIJT75QFs-vEmsR1_SOWZKAq94!2m2!1d151.2090299!2d-33.8725415!1m5!1m1!1sChIJ4dHofx-jEmsRfKkCt2SYeog!2m2!1d151.0035446!2d-33.8162174!3e0
Click below to open this location on Google Maps
Google Maps Location
https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Kangaroo+Website+Design/Web+Design+Parramatta/@-33.9660884,151.0862266,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1sChIJdegFRbe5EmsR-1cihy2H5GI!2m2!1d151.0862266!2d-33.9660884!1m5!1m1!1sChIJ4dHofx-jEmsRfKkCt2SYeog!2m2!1d151.0035446!2d-33.8162174!3e2
Click below to open this location on Google Maps
Google Maps Location
https://www.google.com/maps/dir/WB+Designs+%E2%80%93+Website+Design+Sydney/Web+Design+Parramatta/@-33.9116634,151.1335155,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1sChIJjTdoJqjAOEERHTQdr_4ALv8!2m2!1d151.1335155!2d-33.9116634!1m5!1m1!1sChIJ4dHofx-jEmsRfKkCt2SYeog!2m2!1d151.0035446!2d-33.8162174!3e1
Click below to open this location on Google Maps
Driving Directions
Australian National Maritime Museum
Starting Point
Web Design Parramatta
Destination
Open in Google Maps
Driving Directions
Macquarie Lighthouse
Starting Point
Web Design Parramatta
Destination
Open in Google Maps
Driving Directions
Taronga Zoo Sydney
Starting Point
Web Design Parramatta
Destination
Open in Google Maps
Driving Directions
Powerhouse Ultimo
Starting Point
Web Design Parramatta
Destination
Open in Google Maps
Driving Directions
Saint Mary's Cathedral
Starting Point
Web Design Parramatta
Destination
Open in Google Maps
Driving Directions
Featherdale Sydney Wildlife Park
Starting Point
Web Design Parramatta
Destination
Open in Google Maps
Driving Directions
Nurragingy Reserve
Starting Point
Web Design Parramatta
Destination
Open in Google Maps
Driving Directions
Museum of Contemporary Art Australia
Starting Point
Web Design Parramatta
Destination
Open in Google Maps
Driving Directions
Luna Park Sydney
Starting Point
Web Design Parramatta
Destination
Open in Google Maps
Driving Directions
The Mint
Starting Point
Web Design Parramatta
Destination
Open in Google Maps
Google Maps Location
https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Saint+Mary%27s+Cathedral/Web+Design+Parramatta/@-33.8711905,151.2133254,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1sunknown!2m2!1d151.2133254!2d-33.8711905!1m5!1m1!1sChIJ4dHofx-jEmsRfKkCt2SYeog!2m2!1d151.0035446!2d-33.8162174!3e0
Click below to open this location on Google Maps
Google Maps Location
https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Powerhouse+Ultimo/Web+Design+Parramatta/@-33.878518,151.1995418,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1sunknown!2m2!1d151.1995418!2d-33.878518!1m5!1m1!1sChIJ4dHofx-jEmsRfKkCt2SYeog!2m2!1d151.0035446!2d-33.8162174!3e2
Click below to open this location on Google Maps
Google Maps Location
https://www.google.com/maps/dir/The+Mint/Web+Design+Parramatta/@-33.8689323,151.2126165,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1sunknown!2m2!1d151.2126165!2d-33.8689323!1m5!1m1!1sChIJ4dHofx-jEmsRfKkCt2SYeog!2m2!1d151.0035446!2d-33.8162174!3e1
Click below to open this location on Google Maps
Google Maps Location
https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Australian+National+Maritime+Museum/Web+Design+Parramatta/@-33.8693567,151.1986328,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1sunknown!2m2!1d151.1986328!2d-33.8693567!1m5!1m1!1sChIJ4dHofx-jEmsRfKkCt2SYeog!2m2!1d151.0035446!2d-33.8162174!3e3
Click below to open this location on Google Maps
Google Maps Location
https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Featherdale+Sydney+Wildlife+Park/Web+Design+Parramatta/@-33.7658201,150.8842415,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1sunknown!2m2!1d150.8842415!2d-33.7658201!1m5!1m1!1sChIJ4dHofx-jEmsRfKkCt2SYeog!2m2!1d151.0035446!2d-33.8162174!3e0
Click below to open this location on Google Maps
Google Maps Location
https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Taronga+Zoo+Sydney/Web+Design+Parramatta/@-33.8435473,151.2413418,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1sunknown!2m2!1d151.2413418!2d-33.8435473!1m5!1m1!1sChIJ4dHofx-jEmsRfKkCt2SYeog!2m2!1d151.0035446!2d-33.8162174!3e2
Click below to open this location on Google Maps
Google Maps Location
https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Museum+of+Contemporary+Art+Australia/Web+Design+Parramatta/@-33.8599358,151.2090295,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1sunknown!2m2!1d151.2090295!2d-33.8599358!1m5!1m1!1sChIJ4dHofx-jEmsRfKkCt2SYeog!2m2!1d151.0035446!2d-33.8162174!3e1
Click below to open this location on Google Maps
Google Maps Location
https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Nurragingy+Reserve/Web+Design+Parramatta/@-33.7617633,150.8615592,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1sunknown!2m2!1d150.8615592!2d-33.7617633!1m5!1m1!1sChIJ4dHofx-jEmsRfKkCt2SYeog!2m2!1d151.0035446!2d-33.8162174!3e3
Click below to open this location on Google Maps
Google Maps Location
https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Luna+Park+Sydney/Web+Design+Parramatta/@-33.8476987,151.2098382,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1sunknown!2m2!1d151.2098382!2d-33.8476987!1m5!1m1!1sChIJ4dHofx-jEmsRfKkCt2SYeog!2m2!1d151.0035446!2d-33.8162174!3e0
Click below to open this location on Google Maps
Google Maps Location
https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Macquarie+Lighthouse/Web+Design+Parramatta/@-33.8539032,151.2851916,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1sunknown!2m2!1d151.2851916!2d-33.8539032!1m5!1m1!1sChIJ4dHofx-jEmsRfKkCt2SYeog!2m2!1d151.0035446!2d-33.8162174!3e2
Click below to open this location on Google Maps

Frequently Asked Questions

A professionally designed website is crucial for businesses in Sydney because it’s often the first impression potential customers have. With intense competition in the Australian market, having a visually appealing, easy-to-navigate site helps you stand out. A well-structured website improves user experience, making it simple for visitors to find information about your products or services. It also ensures your site is mobile-responsive, which is essential as more Australians browse on smartphones. Furthermore, professional design incorporates SEO best practices, helping your business rank higher in local search results and attract organic traffic. Investing in expert website design not only elevates your brand credibility but also drives engagement and conversions, ultimately boosting sales and growth across Sydney and beyond.


| | | | | | | | | | | | | Website Designing Company | Website Designing | Website Designer | Website Design Sydney Australia | Website Design Service |  WordPress Website Designer  | Small business Website Design  |  Small business Web  Designs

The cost of a custom website design in Sydney varies depending on complexity, features, and the designer’s expertise. For a basic brochure-style site with up to five pages, you might expect to pay between AUD 2,000 and AUD 5,000. If you require e-commerce functionality, blog integration, or bespoke graphics and animations, prices typically range from AUD 6,000 to AUD 15,000. Larger enterprises with complex needs—such as membership portals or custom API integrations—can see budgets exceed AUD 20,000. Remember, cheaper options often use off-the-shelf templates, which may limit flexibility and SEO performance. Investing appropriately ensures your site not only looks great but also aligns with your brand strategy, is optimised for search engines, and delivers a seamless user experience to Sydney customers.

 

| | | | | | | | | | | | | Website Designing Company | Website Designing | Website Designer | Website Design Sydney Australia | Website Design Service |  WordPress Website Designer  | Small business Website Design  |  Small business Web  Designs

The timeline for designing and launching a website in Sydney depends on project scope and stakeholder feedback. A straightforward, template-based site with minimal customisation can go live in as little as 2–4 weeks. For a fully bespoke design—complete with unique branding elements, custom graphics, and multiple rounds of revisions—you should allow 6–12 weeks. E-commerce sites and projects requiring product uploads, payment gateway setup, and inventory management may extend development by an additional 2–4 weeks. Delays can occur if content (like text, images or videos) isn’t provided promptly, or if there are multiple decision-makers requiring sign-off. Clear communication and a detailed project plan help keep timelines on track, ensuring a smooth launch for Sydney businesses.

 

| | | | | | | | | | | | | Website Designing Company | Website Designing | Website Designer | Website Design Sydney Australia | Website Design Service |  WordPress Website Designer  | Small business Website Design  |  Small business Web  Designs

Responsive design ensures your website automatically adapts its layout and functionality to suit desktops, tablets, and smartphones. Given that over 70% of Australians now browse on mobile devices, a responsive site delivers an optimal user experience regardless of screen size. This adaptability not only improves customer engagement—by preventing frustrating pinch-and-zoom—but also positively impacts SEO, as Google prioritises mobile-friendly sites in search rankings. For Sydney businesses, responsive design means your services and products are easily discoverable and accessible on the go, whether someone is researching on their morning commute or searching for “coffee near me” while exploring the CBD. Ultimately, responsive design boosts conversions and strengthens your brand reputation across all devices.

| | | | | | | | | | | | | Website Designing Company | Website Designing | Website Designer | Website Design Sydney Australia | Website Design Service |  WordPress Website Designer  | Small business Website Design  |  Small business Web  Designs

Choosing the right content management system (CMS) hinges on your business needs, technical expertise, and growth plans. WordPress is a popular choice for its flexibility, ease of use, and extensive plugin ecosystem—ideal for blogs, portfolios, and small-to-medium businesses in Sydney. For larger enterprises or e-commerce-heavy sites, platforms like Shopify or Magento offer robust storefront management and secure payment processing. If you need a lightweight, developer-friendly solution, headless CMS options (e.g., Strapi or Contentful) can integrate seamlessly with custom front-ends. Consider factors such as user-friendliness for your team, ongoing maintenance costs, security updates, and scalability. A well-informed CMS choice will save time, reduce costs, and support your Sydney business as it evolves.

| | | | | | | | | | | | | Website Designing Company | Website Designing | Website Designer | Website Design Sydney Australia | Website Design Service |  WordPress Website Designer  | Small business Website Design  |  Small business Web  Designs

Integrating SEO during the design phase sets the foundation for higher search rankings and increased traffic. Key considerations include clean, semantic HTML markup; fast loading times through image optimisation and caching; and a logical URL structure with relevant keywords (e.g., yourservice.com.au/sydney-web-design). Ensure each page has unique, descriptive title tags and meta descriptions that target local search terms like “Website Design Sydney.” Implementing schema markup—such as LocalBusiness and WebPage—helps search engines understand your content and display rich snippets. A mobile-first design and secure HTTPS protocol also factor into SEO performance. By addressing these elements upfront, your Sydney website will be primed to attract organic visitors and convert them into customers.


| | | | | | | | | | | | | Website Designing Company | Website Designing | Website Designer | Website Design Sydney Australia | Website Design Service |  WordPress Website Designer  | Small business Website Design  |  Small business Web  Designs

Yes, you can update most websites yourself if they’re built on a user-friendly CMS. Platforms like WordPress feature intuitive WYSIWYG editors, allowing you to add or edit pages, blog posts, images, and videos without coding knowledge. Before launch, your designer should provide training on using dashboards, installing plugins, and performing routine updates. For sites built on proprietary or headless CMS solutions, content-edit workflows may vary slightly but still offer user access controls and approval processes. If you prefer a fully hands-off approach, ongoing maintenance packages are available—where your web partner handles updates, backups, and security patches. Empowering your Sydney team to manage content ensures timely promotions, news updates, and SEO optimisations.

| | | | | | | | | | | | | Website Designing Company | Website Designing | Website Designer | Website Design Sydney Australia | Website Design Service |  WordPress Website Designer  | Small business Website Design  |  Small business Web  Designs

Website security is paramount—especially with increasing cyber threats. Key measures include installing an SSL certificate to encrypt data between your site and visitors, ensuring every page loads over HTTPS. Regular software updates—for CMS core, themes, and plugins—patch vulnerabilities that hackers exploit. Robust password policies and two-factor authentication prevent unauthorised access to your dashboard. Server-level firewalls, malware scanning, and intrusion detection systems add additional layers of defence. For e-commerce sites, complying with PCI DSS standards safeguards payment data, while routine backups ensure you can quickly restore your site in case of an incident. A reputable Sydney web design agency will implement these best practices to protect both your business and your customers.

| | | | | | | | | | | | | Website Designing Company | Website Designing | Website Designer | Website Design Sydney Australia | Website Design Service |  WordPress Website Designer  | Small business Website Design  |  Small business Web  Designs

Most professional Sydney web design agencies include post-launch support and maintenance packages. These services can cover security monitoring, software updates, daily or weekly backups, and uptime monitoring to ensure your site remains live 24/7. You may also receive a set number of content edits or design tweaks per month. Emergency support for critical issues—such as site outages or security breaches—often comes with premium maintenance plans. Before committing, clarify response times, the scope of included services, and additional hourly rates for tasks beyond the package. Having reliable post-launch support gives Sydney businesses peace of mind, knowing their site stays secure, fast, and up to date.


| | | | | | | | | | | | | Website Designing Company | Website Designing | Website Designer | Website Design Sydney Australia | Website Design Service |  WordPress Website Designer  | Small business Website Design  |  Small business Web  Designs

easuring your website’s success involves tracking key performance indicators (KPIs) aligned with your business goals. Google Analytics provides insights into traffic volume, user behaviour, session duration, and bounce rate. For local Sydney businesses, monitor organic search rankings for targeted keywords like “Web Design Sydney” and “Local SEO Sydney.” Conversion metrics—such as form submissions, newsletter sign-ups, or e-commerce transactions—reveal how effectively your site turns visitors into leads or customers. Heatmap tools (e.g., Hotjar) show where users click and scroll, highlighting areas for UX improvements. Regular reporting—monthly or quarterly—allows you to identify trends, refine your digital strategy, and demonstrate ROI to stakeholders. By focusing on these metrics, you’ll continually optimise your website’s performance.

| | | | | | | | | | | | | Website Designing Company | Website Designing | Website Designer | Website Design Sydney Australia | Website Design Service |  WordPress Website Designer  | Small business Website Design  |  Small business Web  Designs