The Best Landscape Materials for National City Gardens

The Best Landscape Materials for National City Gardens

Front Garden Planning El Cajon

Understanding the Climate and Soil Conditions of National City


To create a beautiful garden in National City, its crucial to understand the citys climate and soil conditions first. Best Web Design Sydney Australia. This city, nestled in the heart of California, has a Mediterranean climate characterized by mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers. The unique climate has a significant impact on what type of landscape materials are best suited for National City gardens.


The citys soil is predominantly clay, which is rich in minerals but drains poorly. Its no secret that clay soil can be especially challenging for gardeners. Its hard to work with (literally hard when dry), and it doesnt drain well. On the other hand, clay soil has the potential to be incredibly fertile if worked correctly.


The key to successful gardening in National City? Its all about choosing the right materials. Mulch, for example, is a fantastic choice. It not only adds a decorative layer to your garden but also improves the soils structure, fertility, and health. Mulch helps to break down the clay soil, making it easier for plants to establish their root systems. Moreover, it helps to retain moisture in the soil - a huge plus for gardening in hot, dry climates!


Remember, though, not all mulches are created equal. For National City gardens, organic mulches such as wood chips, straw, or compost are the best. They slowly decompose, continually improving soil structure and fertility. However, do not use rubber mulch. It doesnt benefit the soil or plants in any way.


Next, consider using drought-tolerant plants. Theyre well adapted to the citys hot, dry summers and wet winters. Theres a wide variety of such plants to choose from, including the colorful bougainvillea, the resilient sagebrush, and the striking agave.


Lastly, dont forget about the importance of proper irrigation. Despite the citys wet winters, water is a scarce resource during the long, hot summers. So, its crucial to install an efficient irrigation system that uses water wisely. Drip irrigation, for example, delivers water directly to the plant roots, minimizing waste.


In conclusion, understanding National Citys climate and soil conditions is paramount in choosing the best landscape materials for its gardens. By selecting the right mulch, plants, and irrigation system, you can create a thriving garden thats both beautiful and sustainable. Happy gardening, folks!

Exploring Local Plant Species for National City Gardens


Well, folks, lets set out on an exciting journey! Were gonna explore local plant species for National City Gardens. Yknow, its a topic thats not spoken about enough- and thats a shame really.


So, whats the big deal about local plant species, you ask? Well, let me tell you. Theyre not just good. Theyre great, and I mean it! Theyre perfect for creating the most beautiful National City Gardens.


Why so, you ask again? Well, theres a bunch of reasons. Firstly, local plant species are suited to the local soil and climate. So, they dont need as much care or water as exotic species, which is fantastic if youre not into gardening but still want a beautiful garden.


Secondly, theyre good for the local ecosystem. Consider this, local birds and insects have evolved with these plants.

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So, they rely on em for food and shelter. If we dont use local plants, these creatures might not survive. We cant let that happen, can we?

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No, we cant!


Thirdly, using local plants can give your garden a unique, authentic look. Imagine having a garden that truly reflects the natural beauty of our city. Sounds good, doesnt it?

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But (and its a big but), you need to choose the right plants. Not all local plants are suitable for all types of gardens. Youve gotta consider factors like the size of your garden, the amount of sunlight it gets, the type of soil, and so on.


For example, if your garden gets a lot of sunlight, you might wanna consider plants such as the California poppy or the desert marigold. On the other hand, if your garden is always in the shade, plants like the Western sword fern or the redwood sorrel might be more suitable.


And remember, folks, its not just about the plants. Youve also gotta use the right landscape materials. You need good-quality soil, mulch, and maybe some rocks or bricks for edging.


So, there you have it folks. Exploring local plant species for National City Gardens isnt just interesting, its also the right thing to do. So, lets get out there and start exploring!

Utilizing Durable and Affordable Hardscape Materials


Landscaping, its not just about planting flowers and shrubs, you know. In National City, where the climate is usually warm and dry, its important to consider utilizing durable and affordable hardscape materials for the gardens.


So, what are hardscape materials? Well, theyre basically the non-living stuff in your yard. Things like gravel, stones, bricks, concrete, and wood. These materials are not only durable (they can withstand the harsh weather conditions), but also affordable. They dont need to be replaced every year, which saves you money in the long run.


But wait! Theres more to hardscape materials than just durability and affordability. They also play a crucial role in the aesthetic appeal and functionality of your garden. For instance, a well-placed stone pathway can guide visitors through your garden, allowing them to admire the beauty of your plants and flowers. Similarly, a wooden deck or patio can provide a comfortable space for outdoor relaxation and entertainment.


However, its not all sunshine and roses. Choosing the right hardscape materials can be quite a challenge. For one, youll need to consider the style and theme of your garden. You wouldnt want to use rustic wooden materials in a modern, minimalist garden, would you? Additionally, some materials may require regular maintenance to keep them looking good. So, its essential to think about these factors before making a decision.


Its also worth mentioning that hardscape materials can affect the environment. Concrete and asphalt, for example, are not permeable. This means they dont allow water to soak into the ground. In a city like National City, where water conservation is a big deal, these are not the best choices. Instead, opt for permeable materials like gravel or crushed stone. These materials allow water to seep into the ground, promoting healthy plant growth and reducing surface runoff.


In conclusion, durable and affordable hardscape materials are a great investment for National City gardens. They increase the functionality, enhance the aesthetic appeal, and can even contribute to water conservation. Just remember – choose wisely, consider the environment, and dont be afraid to get creative! After all, your garden is a reflection of you!

Incorporating Sustainable Landscape Materials in National City Gardens


Incorporating sustainable landscape materials into National City Gardens is a topic thats been buzzing around in recent times. Its a concept that negates the use of harmful, non-renewable resources, instead favoring eco-friendly alternatives. But, how does one go about it, you ask?


First off, its about selecting the right materials (and thats a biggie!). For instance, instead of going for traditional wood, why not opt for composite decking? Its made from recycled materials, yet its as durable as, if not more than, its conventional counterparts. Also, using recycled metal for garden structures is another excellent option. Its tough, it lasts, and most importantly, its sustainable!


Now, lets talk about the "green" stuff. Plants, I mean. Native plants should always be your go-to choice. Theyre adapted to the local environment, so they require less water and care. Plus, they enhance the biodiversity of your garden, which is always a good thing, right?


Heres a tip, though: avoid using synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. Theyre bad news for the environment. Instead, go for organic compost and natural pest control methods. They may not work as fast, but hey, theyre better in the long run!


Water use is another crucial aspect to consider. Traditional irrigation systems? Nah, theyre not the best. Drip irrigation systems, on the other hand, now thats what Im talking about! They use less water, and they deliver it directly to the plant roots. No waste, no excess!


And lets not forget about the hard materials.

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Gravel and pebbles, for instance, are great for creating paths and ground cover. Theyre natural, theyre permeable, and theyre pretty cheap. Concrete? Pfft, not the best option if youre aiming for sustainability.


In conclusion, incorporating sustainable landscape materials into National City Gardens isnt just about making the gardens look good. Its about making them good for the environment too! Thats the real beauty of it.

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And yes, it may require a bit more effort, but trust me, its worth it! After all, weve only got one planet, havent we?

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Landscape planning is a branch of landscape architecture. According to Erv Zube (1931–2002) landscape planning is defined as an activity concerned with developing landscaping amongst competing land uses while protecting natural processes and significant cultural and natural resources. Park systems and greenways of the type designed by Frederick Law Olmsted are key examples of landscape planning. Landscape designers tend to work for clients who wish to commission construction work. Landscape planners analyze broad issues as well as project characteristics which constrain design projects.

Landscape planners may work on projects which are of broad geographical scope, concern many land uses or many clients or are implemented over a long period of time. As an example, the damage caused by unplanned mineral extraction was one of the early reasons for a public demand for landscape planning.

In Europe

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Alberti wrote on the need for town squares for markets and specific implementations to make most use of the space.[1] In North Europe this developed into the idea that residential squares should be planned around green spaces. The first space of this type was the Place des Vosges. Residential squares were also made in Britain and their planning developed into the idea of incorporating public open space (public parks within towns). Frederick Law Olmsted gave momentum to this idea with his proposal for a park systems in Boston - the famous Emerald Necklace. Patrick Abercrombie took up this idea and incorporated it in his great 1943-4 Open Space Plan for the County of London. An example of landscape planning in use is the plans of RWE in the wake of its mining operations and how they plan to use leftover detritus and soil in their re-cultivation efforts to restore the damaged ecosystems and landscapes created by open pit mines (e.g. Garzweiler surface mine).[2]

In the US

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In the United States, landscape architects provide landscape planning services focused on the natural environment along with urban planners. But, unlike Canada and Europe, the US does not have a national land use planning system. Frederick Law Olmsted and Ian McHarg are two influential American landscape architects that also worked as planners. McHarg's work on overlay landscape planning contributed to the development of GIS and to the foundation of ESRI by Jack Dangermond.

Legislation

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The principles of landscape planning are now incorporated in various types of legislation and policy documents. In America, the National Environmental Policy Act was influenced by the work of Ian McHarg on Environmental impact assessment. In Germany, the Federal Nature Conservation Act requires the preparation of landscape plans. For the Europe Union as a whole, the European Landscape Convention has wide-ranging implications for the design and planning of relationships between development and the landscape. In Asia, major development projects are taking place and illustrating the need for good landscape planning. The Three Gorges Dam, for example, will have extensive impacts on the landscape. They have been planned to a degree but future monitoring of the project is likely to show that better landscape planning and design would have been possible.

Methodology

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The conventional planning process is a linear progression of activities. The common steps are:

  • Identification of problems and opportunities.
  • Establishment of goals.
  • Inventory and analysis of the biophysical environment.
  • Human community inventory and analysis.
  • Development of concepts and the selection of options.
  • Adoption of a plan.
  • Community involvement and education.
  • Detailed design.
  • Plan implementation.
  • Plan administration.

Landscape planning not always means an ecological planning method, for that it must be considered that "planning is a process that uses the scientific and technical information for considering and reaching consensus on a range of choices. Ecology is the study of the relationship of all living things, including people, to their biological and physical environments. Ecological planning then may be defined as the use of biophysical and sociocultural information to suggest opportunities and constraints for decision making about the use of landscape". (Steiner, 1991) While the common steps are listed above, the process of Landscape planning is adaptable to many situations and is useful in many ways depending on the goals for which it is used.

Impacts and implications

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Results of proper implementations of landscape planning practices are not only limited to more functional landscapes. It can also influence for the better many aspects of the environment and community in which it is used to its potential. While the chief purpose of landscape planning is for ecological reasons it can impact so much more when used effectively as a tool.

Ecology

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Landscape planning is mainly used for ecological purposes and functions best when the result of the planning process is the least amount of interruption of ecological factors from before the implementation ever went into place.[3] In this practice landscape planning can be used to not only maintain the status of the existing environment, but also can be used to improve aspects of previously under performing ecosystems, for example, designing to increase biodiversity. For example Landscape planning could be used to create additional habitat for endangered species, and reclamation of previously used or depleted lands (e.g. old agricultural spaces) for expansion of natural ecosystems.[4] This also includes planning in order to reduce the impact of the changes to the environment. with proper landscape planning, a greater speed of recovery for the ecosystems of interrupted spaces is achievable.

Health

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Similar to the impacts of healing gardens, the positive healing effects of proper implementations of planned landscapes are of great benefit. When people are exposed to nature, they would find that their overall mood had improved and that they recover from stress and illness at an accelerated rate. With the proper use of landscape planning, health within an urban leaning environment in regards to stress and recovery can be greatly improved above the unplanned alternative.[5] When landscape planning is used to properly conserve ecological systems that may have been displaced, it makes it so recreational use of the environment is maintained while conserving the systems for people to enjoy.

Use of other technologies in context

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The development of GIS technology such as those developed by ESRI, have great import to the practice of Landscape planning. Use of assisting technology allows for the conditions and factors existing in a landscape to be easily aggregated and analyzed. Through the use of GIS technology you are able to answer many of the questions about a landscape that is in question. such as, "how functional is this landscape?" or "to what extent do the factors outside of the site affect the planning that needs to be done?"[6] The use of technology that is developing with greater and greater accuracy has the ability to make sustainable developments easier and more common across the globe.

See also

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Footnotes

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  • Landscape planning education in America: retrospect and prospect
  • Ecological design and planning George F. Thompson and Frederick R. Steiner, (Wiley, 1997)
  • Landscape planning : an introduction to theory and practice Hackett, Brian (Oriel, 1971)
  • Landscape planning and environmental impact design Tom Turner (2nd ed UCL Press, 1998)
  • Design with nature Ian L. McHarg ( Wiley, 1992)
  • The living landscape: an ecological approach to landscape planning Steiner, Frederick R. (McGraw-Hill College, 1991)

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Madanipour, Ali (2003-09-02). Public and Private Spaces of the City. Routledge. ISBN 1134519850.
  2. ^ RWE. "Recultivating open-cast mines". www.group.rwe. Retrieved 2020-04-30.
  3. ^ Seddon, George (1986-01-01). "Landscape planning: a conceptual perspective". Landscape and Urban Planning. 13: 335–347. doi:10.1016/0169-2046(86)90051-4. ISSN 0169-2046.
  4. ^ Rookwood, Paul (1995-02-01). "Landscape planning for biodiversity". Landscape and Urban Planning. 31 (1): 379–385. doi:10.1016/0169-2046(94)01064-F. ISSN 0169-2046.
  5. ^ Grahn, Patrik; Stigsdotter, Ulrika (2003). "Landscape planning and stress" (PDF). Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 2: 1–18. doi:10.1078/1618-8667-00019.
  6. ^ Steinitz, Carl (1994). "A framework for theory and practice in landscape planning". Ekistics; Athens. 61: 364–365. ProQuest 232565095 – via ProQuest.
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A river with functional (flood preventing) engineering (in Houston, Texas)
A canal design focused on esthetical landscape architecture (in Stockholm, Sweden) for comparison.

Landscape engineering is the application of mathematics and science to shape land and waterscapes. It can also be described as green engineering, but the design professionals best known for landscape engineering are landscape architects. Landscape engineering is the interdisciplinary application of engineering and other applied sciences to the design and creation of anthropogenic landscapes. It differs from, but embraces traditional reclamation. It includes scientific disciplines: agronomy, botany, ecology, forestry, geology, geochemistry, hydrogeology, and wildlife biology. It also draws upon applied sciences: agricultural & horticultural sciences, engineering geomorphology, landscape architecture, and mining, geotechnical, and civil, agricultural & irrigation engineering.

Landscape engineering builds on the engineering strengths of declaring goals, determining initial conditions, iteratively designing, predicting performance based on knowledge of the design, monitoring performance, and adjusting designs to meet the declared goals. It builds on the strengths and history of reclamation practice. Its distinguishing feature is the marriage of landforms, substrates, and vegetation throughout all phases of design and construction, which previously have been kept as separate disciplines.

Though landscape engineering embodies all elements of traditional engineering (planning, investigation, design, construction, operation, assessment, research, management, and training), it is focused on three main areas. The first is closure planning – which includes goal setting and design of the landscape as a whole. The second division is landscape design more focused on the design of individual landforms to reliably meet the goals as set out in the closure planning process. Landscape performance assessment is critical to both of these, and is also important for estimating liability and levels of financial assurance. The iterative process of planning, design, and performance assessment by a multidisciplinary team is the basis of landscape engineering.

Source: McKenna, G.T., 2002. Sustainable mine reclamation and landscape engineering. PhD Thesis, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada 661p.

Example

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An example of contemporary landscape engineering and natural resources management related to the Biosphere 2 and seawater farming projects, is the IBTS Greenhouse, formerly the Forest City designed for the Emirate of Ras al Khaimah. The IBTS rests on a thoroughly integrated design with more than 340 different engineering, science and technology disciplines. It was created for desert greening of hot, arid deserts and optimized for fresh water production from saline, or brackish water. The Integrated Biotectural System is based on a wetland, more specifically a mangrove eco-system designed for food and fodder production of 80tons per hectare and year, also called mariculture. The atmosphere inside the IBTS is turned into a potent water source and harvested with a combination of condensation utilities which makes it a more energy efficient desalination facility than industrial plants. It can produce 500.000m3 of distilled water per day while reclaiming 1000ha of hot arid desert lands. The electricity for the desalination is produced by an on-site forest of micro wind turbines located on the same footprint. These numbers are important because the performance data of for-profit engineered landscapes like wetlands for wastewater treatment or agro-ecological farming sites distinguishes technically feasible from financially and ecologically beneficial projects.

The IBTS is an example for sustainable landscape design that reclaims and recreates productive ecosystems including seawater farming, aquaculture, farming, forestry and residence for a human population. It has become feasible because of the design of a Bedouin Greenhouse-shape, automatic construction and maintenance of the vast membrane Sky-roof. The up-front and operational cost could thus be reduced so far that entire landscapes can be covered permanently, not in a common greenhouse fashion, but with an architectural structure that allows for a real-size forest and urban development below the Sky-roof.

The inherent concepts of the IBTS can be used to engineer, terra-form and activate deserts and other landscapes with harsh conditions. In 2015 the governor of Alaska received an offer for a fully self-sufficient multi-residence housing project based on the concepts developed for the IBTS project and adopted for arctic climate by the developer TS Prototype-Creation.

Irrigation engineering degree founder

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The father of the first irrigation engineering degree in the Americas was Louis George Carpenter (March 28, 1861 – September 12, 1935) He was a college professor and later the Dean of engineering & physics at Colorado State University formerly known as the Colorado Agricultural College.[1] He was also an engineer, mathematician and an irrigation and consulting engineer.[2][3]

It was there where Carpenter began the first organized and systematic college program for irrigation engineering starting in 1888. Those completing such instruction were awarded a bachelor of science degree in irrigation engineering.[4][5][6]

Carpenter was one of the foremost leading experts on irrigation systems. During his life he investigated irrigation systems not only in North America but also in Canada and Europe. This led to his engineering consulting and water law. He became Colorado's state engineer which he held for several years while still teaching.[6] Carpenter was involved in not only in irrigation engineering but consulting on hydraulic construction projects and the problems associated with such projects.[6][7]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Guide to the papers of Louis G. Carpenter, Colorado State University
  2. ^ Lamb's biographical dictionary of the United States, Volume 1 - Page 575 by John Howard Brown. James H. Lamb Company. 1900. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  3. ^ "Carpenter, Louis George, educator". The twentieth century biographical dictionary of notable Americans ... Volume 2 of The twentieth century biographical dictionary of notable Americans by Rossiter Johnson, John Howard Brown - published by the Biographical Society. 1904. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  4. ^ De Puy, William Harrison (1908). "Carpenter, Louis George, engineer". The world-wide encyclopedia and gazetteer: Compiled and revised to Date from the leading encyclopedias of the world. A dictionary of Arts, sciences and literature, to which is added biographies of living subjects, One hundred colored Maps and numerous illustrations, William Harrison De Puy - Volume 9 - Page 720 - published by The Christian Herald. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  5. ^ "Carpenter, Louis George, engineer". New American supplement to the New Werner Twentieth Century Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica ... Illustrated with Hundreds of Portraits and Other Engravings, Volume 2 New American Supplement to the New Werner Twentieth Century Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica ... Illustrated with Hundreds of Portraits and Other Engravings - published by the Werner Company. 1905. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  6. ^ a b c "Papers of Louis G. Carpenter, 1892-1910 - Carpenter, L. G. (Louis George), 1861-1935". Colorado State University. 1935. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  7. ^ "Guide to the papers of Louis G. Carpenter - Prepared by Holley R. Lange; updated by Patricia J. Rettig". Colorado State University Water Resources Archive - A joint effort of the University Libraries and the Colorado Water Institute. 2013. Retrieved 24 June 2015.

 

Sustainable landscaping is a modern type of gardening or landscaping that takes the environmental issue of sustainability into account. According to Loehrlein in 2009 this includes design, construction and management of residential and commercial gardens and incorporates organic lawn management and organic gardening techniques.[1]

Definition

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A sustainable garden is designed to be both attractive and in balance with the local climate and environment and it should require minimal resource inputs. Thus, the design must be “functional, cost-efficient, visually pleasing, environmentally friendly and maintainable".[2] As part of sustainable development, it pays close attention to preserving limited resources, reducing waste, and preventing air, water and soil pollution. Compost, fertilization, integrated pest management, using the right plant in the right place, appropriate use of turf and xeriscaping (water-wise gardening) are all components of sustainable landscaping.

Benefits

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Sustainability can help urban commercial landscaping companies save money.[3] In California, gardens often do not outweigh the cost of inputs like water and labor. However, using appropriately selected and properly sited plants may help to ensure that maintenance costs are lower because of reduced inputs.

Issues

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Sustainability issues for landscaping include:

Non-sustainable practices include:

Solutions

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Some of the solutions are:

Proper design

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One step to garden design is to do a "sustainability audit". This is similar to a landscape site analysis that is typically performed by landscape designers at the beginning of the design process. Factors such as lot size, house size, local covenants and budgets should be considered. The steps to design include a base plan, site inventory and analysis, construction documents, implementation and maintenance.[2] Of great importance is considerations related to the growing conditions of the site. These include orientation to the sun, soil type, wind flow, slopes, shade and climate, the goal of reducing irrigation and use of toxic substances, and requires proper plant selection for the specific site.

Sustainable landscaping is not only important because it saves money, it also limits the human impact on the surrounding ecosystem. However, planting species not native to the landscape may introduce invasive plant species as well as new wildlife that was not in the ecosystem before. Altering the ecosystem is a major problem and meeting with an expert with experience with the wildlife and agriculture in the area will help avoid this.[26]

Irrigation

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Mulch may be used to reduce water loss due to evaporation, reduce weeds, minimize erosion, dust and mud problems. Mulch can also add nutrients to the soil when it decomposes. However, mulch is most often used for weed suppression. Overuse of mulch can result in harm to the selected plantings. Care must be taken in the source of the mulch, for instance, black walnut trees result in a toxic mulch product. Grasscycling turf areas (using mulching mowers that leave grass clippings on the lawn) will also decrease the amount of fertilizer needed, reduce landfill waste and reduce costs of disposal.[27]

A common recommendation is to add 2-4 inches of mulch in flower beds and under trees away from the trunk. Mulch should be applied under trees to the dripline (extension of the branches) in lieu of flowers, hostas, turf or other plants that are often planted there. This practice of planting under trees is detrimental to tree roots, especially when such plants are irrigated to an excessive level that harms the tree. One must be careful not to apply mulch to the bark of the tree. It can result in smothering, mould and insect depredation.

The practice of xeriscaping or water-wise gardening suggests that placing plants with similar water demands together will save time and low-water or drought-tolerant plants would be a smart initial consideration.

A homeowner may consider consulting an accredited irrigation technician/auditor and obtain a water audit of current systems. Drip or sub-surface irrigation may be useful. Using evapotranspiration controllers, soil sensors and refined control panels will reduce water loss. Irrigation heads may need readjustment to avoid sprinkling on sidewalks or streets. Business owners may consider developing watering schedules based on historical or actual weather data and soil probes to monitor soil moisture prior to watering.[2]

An example of sustainable irrigation (Drip Irrigation)

Building materials

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When deciding what kind of building materials to put on a site it is important to recycle as often as possible, such as for example by reusing old bricks.

It is also important to be careful about what materials you use, especially if you plan to grow food crops. Old telephone poles and railroad ties have usually been treated with a toxic substance called creosote that can leach into the soils.

Sustainably harvested lumber is available, in which ecological, economic and social factors are integrated into the management of trees used for lumber.[28]

Planting selection

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One important part of sustainable landscaping is plant selection. Most of what makes a landscape unsustainable is the amount of inputs required to grow a non-native plant on it. What this means is that a local plant, which has adapted to local climate conditions will require less work to flourish. Instead, drought-tolerant plants like succulents and cacti are better suited to survive.

Plants used as windbreaks can save up to 30% on heating costs in winter. They also help with shading a residence or commercial building in summer, create cool air through evapotranspiration and can cool hardscape areas such as driveways and sidewalks.[29]

Irrigation is an excellent end-use option in greywater recycling and rainwater harvesting systems, and a composting toilet can cover (at least) some of the nutrient requirements.[30] Not all fruit trees are suitable for greywater irrigation, as reclaimed greywater is typically of high pH and acidophile plants don't do well in alkaline environments.

Energy conservation may be achieved by placing broadleaf deciduous trees near the east, west and optionally north-facing walls of the house. Such selection provides shading in the summer while permitting large amounts of heat-carrying solar radiation to strike the house in the winter. The trees are to be placed as closely as possible to the house walls. As the efficiency of photovoltaic panels and passive solar heating is sensitive to shading, experts suggest the complete absence of trees near the south side.

Another choice would be that of a dense vegetative fence composed of evergreens (e.g. conifers) near that side from which cold continental winds blow and also that side from which the prevailing winds blow. Such a choice creates a winter windbreak that prevents low temperatures outside the house and reduces air infiltration towards the inside. Calculations show that placing the windbreak at a distance twice the height of the trees can reduce the wind velocity by 75%.[31]

The above vegetative arrangements come with two disadvantages. Firstly, they minimize air circulation in summer although in many climates heating is more important and costly than cooling, and, secondly, they may affect the efficiency of photovoltaic panels. However, it has been estimated that if both arrangements are applied properly, they can reduce the overall house energy usage by up to 22%.[31]

Sustainable lawns

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An example of a sustainable lawn

Lawns are often used as the center point of a landscape. While there are many different species of grass, only a limited amount are considered sustainable. Knowing the climate around the landscape is ideal for saving water and being sustainable. For example, in southern California having a grass lawn of tall fescue will typically need upwards of 1,365 cubic metres (360,500 US gal) of water. A lawn in the same place made up of mixed beds with various trees, shrubs, and ground cover will normally need 202 cubic metres (53,300 US gal) of water.[32] Having gravel, wood chips or bark, mulch, rubber mulch, artificial grass, patio, wood or composite deck, rock garden, or a succulent garden are all considered sustainable landscape techniques. Other species of plants other than grass that can take up a lawn are lantana, clover, creeping ivy, creeping thyme, oregano, rosemary hedges, silver pony foot, moneywort, chamomile, yarrow, creeping lily turf, ice plant, and stonecrop.[citation needed]

Maintenance

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Pests

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It is best to start with pest-free plant materials and supplies and close inspection of the plant upon purchase is recommended. Establishing diversity within the area of plant species will encourage populations of beneficial organisms (e.g. birds, insects), which feed on potential plant pests. Attracting a wide variety of organisms with a variety of host plants has shown to be effective in increasing pollinator presence in agriculture.[33] Because plant pests vary from plant to plant, assessing the problem correctly is half the battle. The owner must consider whether the plant can tolerate the damage caused by the pest. If not, then does the plant justify some sort of treatment? Physical barriers may help.[2] Landscape managers should make use of Integrated Pest Management to reduce the use of pesticides and herbicides.

Pruning

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Proper pruning will increase air circulation and may decrease the likelihood of plant diseases. However, improper pruning is detrimental to shrubs and trees.[2]

Programs

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There are several programs in place that are open to participation by various groups. For example, the Audubon Cooperative Sanctuary Program for golf courses,[34] the Audubon Green Neighborhoods Program,[35] and the National Wildlife Federation’s Backyard Habitat Program,[36] to name a few.

The Sustainable Sites Initiative, began in 2005, provides a points-based certification for landscapes, similar to the LEED program for buildings operated by the Green Building Council. It has guidelines and performance benchmarks.[37]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Loehrlein, Marietta (26 September 2013). Sustainable Landscaping: Principles and Practices. CRC Press. ISBN 9781466593206. Editor note: info in Wikipedia taken in November 2009 from her now defunct personal website and a class she gave on her former university webspace
  2. ^ a b c d e Colorado State University Extension. http://www.ext.colostate.edu/Pubs/Garden/07243.html. Viewed 11-15-09.
  3. ^ Buiten, Tim (19 October 2020). "Commercial Landscape Management: How to Maximize Your ROI". Tim's Complete. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
  4. ^ "Sustainable Landscapes and its Benefits – Debating Science". Retrieved 2019-11-21.
  5. ^ Rowe, B., J. Andersen, J. Lloyd, T. Mrozowski and K. Getter. The green roof research at Michigan State University. http://hrt.msu.edu/greenroof/ Viewed 7/30/2007.
  6. ^ Robinette, G. O. and K. W. Sloan. 1984. Water conservation in landscape design and management. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. NY. 258pp.
  7. ^ PennState Center for Green Roof Research. http://web.me.com/rdberghage/Centerforgreenroof/Home.html. Viewed 9/23/09.
  8. ^ Carver, S. 2008. Water-wise landscaping can improve conservation efforts. Landscape Mgmt. May/June Suppl Livescapes. P. 8.
  9. ^ Eberle, W. M. and J. G. Thomas. 1981. Some water-saving ways. Kansas State Ext. 4pp.
  10. ^ Krizner, K. 2008. Smart water solutions. Landscape Management May/June. p. 31-2
  11. ^ White, J.D. 2008. When the well runs dry: managing water before it becomes a crisis. GrowerTalks. Aug. pp. 42-43.
  12. ^ Campbell, C. S. and M. H. Ogden. Constructed wetlands in the sustainable landscape. 1999. Wiley & Sons. NY. 270pp.
  13. ^ Melby, P. and T. Cathcart 2002. Regenerative design techniques : practical applications in landscape design. Wiley. New York. 410 p.
  14. ^ Harker, D., G. Libby. Harker, K. Evans, S. Evans, M. 1999. Landscape Restoration Handbook, 2nd ed. Lewis Publishers. Boca Raton. 865pp.
  15. ^ Fizzell, J. A. 1983. Landscape designers must put energy conservation in their plans. Amer. Nurseryman. 157:65-71.
  16. ^ Pitt, D. G. J. Kissida and W. Gould. 1980. How to design a windbreak residential landscaping. Amer. Nurseryman. Vol. 152(10): 10-11.
  17. ^ Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute. Permeable interlocking concrete pavement: a comparison guide to porous asphalt and pervious concrete. http://www.icpi.org/myproject/PICP%20Comparison%20Brochure.pdf. Viewed June 2008.
  18. ^ Kerkhoff, K. L. 2006. How to capitalize and reduce stormwater runoff in your landscapes. Grounds Maint. P. 70.
  19. ^ Thompson,W. J., K. Sorvig and Farnsworth, C. D. 2000. "Sustainable Landscape Construction". Island Pr. Washington, D.C. 348p.
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  21. ^ Bramwell, J. 2006. Power with a conscience. Amer. Nurseryman. 203(3):33-37.
  22. ^ "Lawn Reform Coalition". Archived from the original on March 5, 2010.
  23. ^ "5 Water-Saving Ways to Replace Lawns During California's Drought". 2015-05-21. Archived from the original on May 24, 2015.
  24. ^ "Outgrowing the Traditional Grass Lawn".
  25. ^ "Meadows and Prairies: Wildlife-Friendly Alternatives to Lawn".
  26. ^ "Benefits Of Sustainable Landscaping". elite-horticulture. Retrieved 2019-11-19.
  27. ^ California Integrated Waste Management Board. http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/Organics/landscaping/
  28. ^ http://www.bearcreeklumber.com/products/intextboth/sustainable.html. Viewed 12-07-09.
  29. ^ Farmstead Windbreaks: Planning. http://www.extension.iastate.edu/Publications/PM1716.pdf. Retrieved 12-12-09.
  30. ^ Ghaly, Abdelkader (July 2021). "Greywater Sources, Characteristics, Utilization and Management Guidelines: a review". Research Article.
  31. ^ a b "Green from the ground up" by D. Johnston and S. Gibson
  32. ^ Pittenger M.S, Dennis (2014). "KEEPING LANDSCAPES GREEN WITH LESS GREEN" (PDF). cite journal: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  33. ^ Cole, Lorna J.; Brocklehurst, Sarah; Robertson, Duncan; Harrison, William; McCracken, David I. (December 2015). "Riparian buffer strips: Their role in the conservation of insect pollinators in intensive grassland systems". Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 211: 207–220. Bibcode:2015AgEE..211..207C. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2015.06.012. ISSN 0167-8809.
  34. ^ http://Audubon International. acspgolf.auduboninternational.org/. Viewed 9/23/09.
  35. ^ Green Neighborhoods http://gn.auduboninternational.org/. Viewed 9/23/09
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  37. ^ The Sustainable Sites Initiative. http://www.sustainablesites.org/report/SSI_Guidelines_Draft_2008.pdf. Viewed 9/23/09.

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San Diego Air & Space Museum
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Reviews for Rock N Block - Turf N Hardscapes - San Diego


Corbin Occhino

(5)

TL;DR It was a bumpy road to get to the finish line but when we got there, it was sooooo worth it. Go with Rock-n-Block, you won't regret it. Their initial backyard renovation didn't end up how we hoped it would. The team came back multiple times to do repairs but couldn't get it right. *ENTER Greg Zamora*. He comes over, walks into the backyard, looks around and says "we'll fix it". Dude wasn't joking. Rock-n-Block bought all new blocks, capstones, lights, etc and sent a huge crew to the house. They demoed everything and rebuilt it all. They even let us make a few minor changes to the initial design for free (changed shape of the retaining wall and added more lights under the capstones). Three and a half days later we got the backyard we had dreamed of. Everything is perfect. Shout-out to Gus and Miguel and their crew, they killed it! Guys were here early, worked hard, were meticulous, and cleaned up at the end of each day. Watching how much time they put into the grouting and how exact the stone cuts were, we new it was going to end well this time. Greg checked in multiple times to make sure we were happy with the progress and that we had no questions/concerns. Open communication, excellent quality of work, and ACTUALLY meaning it when they say "we aren't done until you are happy". To be honest, we were really surprised our backyard renovation story ended this way after the initial install. Had someone asked us a month ago if we would recommend Rock-n-Block we would have shook our head but NOW....not only would we recommend them, if we do any other yard renovations, they will be the first people we call.

Md dc

(5)

From Omar's initial consultation to Andrew's design expertise, Rock N Block made the entire process easy. The patio looks amazing! I love the turf, rock decorations, and everything else they did. The key was their attention to details, me and my family are very happy with their work!

Ying Xu

(5)

I interviewed a number of contractors and decided to use Rock N Block for my backyard project. Andrew was the project manager who came to my house to make an initial estimate, and he followed up with me every step of the way. Although I had to wait 3 weeks for my project to begin, there was no further delay from that point on. The crew showed up punctually at 7am every morning, and did the work exactly as described. The were able to finish the project from concrete demolition to final cleanup within 4 days. I would happily recommend this business to my neighbors.

Paco Healy

(5)

really good experience working with Greg and Eric they were both great from start to finish. they both were great communicators and took a lot of pride in their craft. my backyard was an eye sore and now it’s a whole new inviting space. our pup loves it too. thank you and Block team. highly recommended

Nikki White

(5)

Greg was super helpful and knowledgeable. The process was super quick and easy and communication about the turf project was great. I’m sooooo happy with how my front yard looks! I find myself just looking at how amazing it looks now!

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