Best Deals on Internet Service Providers Today

Best Deals on Internet Service Providers Today

best business internet deals

Top Internet Service Providers of 2023


In 2023, finding the best deals on internet service providers (ISPs) can be a bit of a challenge, but it's definitely worth the effort! IT services in sydney . With so many options out there, it's easy to get overwhelmed. You've got big names like Comcast and AT&T, but don't forget about some of the smaller players who might just have the perfect package for your needs.


First off, let's talk about speed. Nowadays, nobody wants to deal with slow connections. Who has time for buffering, right? It's crucial to pick an ISP that can deliver fast and reliable service. Some providers even offer gigabit speeds! However, one must keep in mind that such speed often comes with a hefty price tag. If you're on a budget, you might wanna look for promotional deals that can save you a few bucks.


Then there's customer service, which can make or break your experience. You dont want to be stuck on hold for hours just to get your internet issues sorted out. So, checking reviews can be really helpful! Some ISPs have really improved their customer service in recent years, so it's not all doom and gloom.


Additionally, bundling services can be a great way to save money. Many ISPs offer packages that include TV and phone services along with internet, and they sometimes throw in discounts if you sign up for multiple services. Just be careful not to get locked into a contract you can't get out of!


Lastly, always read the fine print. Some deals might sound awesome at first, but hidden fees can sneak up on you.

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It's better to be informed than to be surprised by unexpected charges.


In conclusion, while the search for the top internet service providers in 2023 may seem daunting, it's important to weigh your options carefully. With a bit of research and some patience, you can definitely find a deal that suits your needs! Don't settle for mediocre service when you can get the best for your buck!

Factors to Consider When Choosing an ISP


When it comes to choosing the best internet service provider (ISP) today, there are a bunch of factors you gotta think about! First off, speed is super important - nobody likes slow internet, right? You dont wanna be stuck buffering videos or waiting forever for pages to load. Another thing to consider is reliability. You need your internet to be up and running most of the time, or else whats the point? Dont wanna wake up one morning and find out your internet has been down for days.


Then theres the price. Of course you want a good deal, but make sure youre not sacrificing quality for a cheaper plan. And lets not forget about customer service. You might not think about it much, but having someone to turn to when things go wrong can save you a lot of stress. Dont wanna be left hanging if your Wi-Fi quits on you during a job interview.


Lastly, extra services might catch your eye. Some ISPs offer bundled deals with TV or phone service, which could be worth it if youre already using those services. But you also need to be cautious about locking yourself into contracts you cant afford or dont want. Dont wanna end up paying for internet you barely use just because you signed a long-term deal.


All in all, picking the right ISP isnt always easy, but by keeping these points in mind, you can find one that fits your needs without breaking the bank!

Comparison of Pricing Plans and Packages


Hey there! So, when it comes to finding the best deals on internet service providers today, it can feel like navigating through a maze of options. You know, with all these different pricing plans and packages flying around, its easy to get overwhelmed! But dont worry, Im here to help break it down a bit.


First off, you gotta consider what you actually need. Do you just want a reliable connection for streaming and browsing, or are you looking for something that can handle a bunch of devices at once? This is where the comparison of pricing plans and packages becomes super important. You see, some providers offer great deals if youre willing to commit to a longer contract, but if youre not, well, those deals might not be so great for you.


Another thing to keep in mind is the fine print. Sometimes, a deal might look amazing on the surface, but when you read the small print, you realize there are all sorts of catches.

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Like, hidden fees for extra data or speed throttling during peak hours. Thats why its crucial to do your research and compare not just the prices, but the actual services and benefits too.


And lets not forget about customer service! You dont want a great price only to find out that their customer service is terrible. Neglecting this aspect can turn a good deal into a real headache. So, checking out reviews and seeing how other customers have rated the provider can be really helpful.


In the end, finding the best deal isnt always about getting the lowest price.

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Sometimes, its about finding a plan that fits your needs and budget without all the hassle. So take your time, do your homework, and youre bound to find a great deal out there!

Tips for Getting the Best Deals on Internet Services


Alright, so you wanna snag the best internet deal, eh? Its not always easy, I'll tell ya that for free! First off, don't just jump at the first shiny offer you see. Do some serious homework.


(Like, actually do it, yknow?)


Compare, compare, compare! Sites like that one (you know the one!) let you pit different providers against each other. Pay attention to the fine print.

Best Deals on Internet Service Providers Today - MDU internet solutions with centralised billing

    That super-low price might only be for the first year, and then BAM! Your bill doubles. Nobody wants that, right?




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    Negotiating is key. Call em up, be polite, and say youre considering switching to a competitor (even if you arent, wink, wink!). Tell them what deal the other guys are offering, and ask if they can match or beat it. Youd be surprised how flexible they can be when they think theyre about to lose a customer. Plus, arent you already a customer? Loyalty should count for something, shouldnt it?!


    Bundling can sometimes save you money, but not always! Dont blindly assume its the best option. Add up the individual costs first. Sometimes its actually cheaper to get your internet, cable, and phone separately.


    And finally, consider smaller, local providers. They might not have all the bells and whistles, but they often offer competitive prices and better customer service than the big corporations. Theyre often overlooked, but shouldnt be! Goodness!

    Citations and other links

    The Internet Protocol (IP) is the network layer communications protocol in the Internet method suite for relaying datagrams across network borders. Its routing function allows internetworking, and essentially establishes the Web. IP has the job of delivering packets from the resource host to the location host entirely based on the IP addresses in the package headers. For this objective, IP specifies packet structures that envelop the data to be delivered. It additionally specifies dealing with approaches that are used to identify the datagram with source and location details. IP was the connectionless datagram service in the original Transmission Control Program introduced by Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn in 1974, which was enhanced by a connection-oriented solution that became the basis for the Transmission Control Method (TCP). The Net method suite is therefore usually referred to as TCP/IP. The initial significant variation of IP, Net Method variation 4 (IPv4), is the leading method of the Net. Its follower is Internet Method version 6 (IPv6), which has actually been in boosting release on the general public Internet since around 2006.

    .

    The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to information technology:

    Information technology (IT) – microelectronics based combination of computing and telecommunications technology to treat information, including in the acquisition, processing, storage and dissemination of vocal, pictorial, textual and numerical information. It is defined by the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA) as "the study, design, development, implementation, support or management of computer-based information systems, particularly toward software applications and computer hardware."

    Different names

    [edit]

    There are different names for this at different periods or through fields. Some of these names are:

    Underlying technology

    [edit]

    History of information technology

    [edit]

    Information technology education and certification

    [edit]

    IT degrees

    [edit]

    Vendor-specific certifications

    [edit]

    Third-party and vendor-neutral certifications

    [edit]

    Third-party commercial organizations and vendor neutral interest groups that sponsor certifications include:

    General certification

    [edit]

    General certification of software practitioners has struggled. The ACM had a professional certification program in the early 1980s, which was discontinued due to lack of interest. Today, the IEEE is certifying software professionals, but only about 500 people have passed the exam by March 2005.

    Information technology and society

    [edit]

    Software Testing

    [edit]

    Further reading

    [edit]
    • Surveillance, Transparency and Democracy: Public Administration in the Information Age. p. 35-57. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, AL. ISBN 978-0-8173-1877-2

    References

    [edit]
    1. ^ "Information & Communication Technology" (PDF). www.un.org.
    2. ^ "Information technology". Archived from the original on 2013-08-26. Retrieved 2013-08-28.
    3. ^ "Data Communication Technology".
    4. ^ "Creative Digital Technologies".
    5. ^ "Design & technology".
    6. ^ "Communication Technology".
    7. ^ "Bachelor of Science in Information Technology".
    8. ^ "Master of Science in Information Technology".
    9. ^ "Bachelor of Computer Application".
    10. ^ "Master of Computer Applications" (PDF).
    11. ^ "AWS Certification". Amazon Web Services, Inc. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
    12. ^ "Apple - iServices - Technical Training". train.apple.com. Archived from the original on 2001-12-15.
    13. ^ "OCUP Certification - Home Page". Retrieved 22 May 2016.
    14. ^ By Shamus McGuillicuddy, SearchNetworking.com."SolarWinds offers network management training and certification Archived 2009-08-28 at the Wayback Machine." June 24, 2009. Retrieved August 20, 2009.
    15. ^ Haque, Akhlaque (2015). Surveillance, Transparency and Democracy: Public Administration in the Information Age. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press. pp. 35–57. ISBN 978-0-8173-1877-2.

     

     

    A computer lab contains a wide range of information technology elements, including hardware, software and storage systems.

    Information technology (IT) is a set of related fields within information and communications technology (ICT), that encompass computer systems, software, programming languages, data and information processing, and storage. Information technology is an application of computer science and computer engineering.

    The term is commonly used as a synonym for computers and computer networks, but it also encompasses other information distribution technologies such as television and telephones. Several products or services within an economy are associated with information technology, including computer hardware, software, electronics, semiconductors, internet, telecom equipment, and e-commerce.[1][a]

    An information technology system (IT system) is generally an information system, a communications system, or, more specifically speaking, a computer system — including all hardware, software, and peripheral equipment — operated by a limited group of IT users, and an IT project usually refers to the commissioning and implementation of an IT system.[3] IT systems play a vital role in facilitating efficient data management, enhancing communication networks, and supporting organizational processes across various industries. Successful IT projects require meticulous planning and ongoing maintenance to ensure optimal functionality and alignment with organizational objectives.[4]

    Although humans have been storing, retrieving, manipulating, analysing and communicating information since the earliest writing systems were developed,[5] the term information technology in its modern sense first appeared in a 1958 article published in the Harvard Business Review; authors Harold J. Leavitt and Thomas L. Whisler commented that "the new technology does not yet have a single established name. We shall call it information technology (IT)."[6] Their definition consists of three categories: techniques for processing, the application of statistical and mathematical methods to decision-making, and the simulation of higher-order thinking through computer programs.[6]

    History

    [edit]
    Antikythera mechanism, considered the first mechanical analog computer, dating back to the first century BC.

    Based on the storage and processing technologies employed, it is possible to distinguish four distinct phases of IT development: pre-mechanical (3000 BC – 1450 AD), mechanical (1450 – 1840), electromechanical (1840 – 1940), and electronic (1940 to present).[5]

    Ideas of computer science were first mentioned before the 1950s under the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University, where they had discussed and began thinking of computer circuits and numerical calculations. As time went on, the field of information technology and computer science became more complex and was able to handle the processing of more data. Scholarly articles began to be published from different organizations.[7]

    During the early computing, Alan Turing, J. Presper Eckert, and John Mauchly were considered some of the major pioneers of computer technology in the mid-1900s. Giving them such credit for their developments, most of their efforts were focused on designing the first digital computer. Along with that, topics such as artificial intelligence began to be brought up as Turing was beginning to question such technology of the time period.[8]

    Devices have been used to aid computation for thousands of years, probably initially in the form of a tally stick.[9] The Antikythera mechanism, dating from about the beginning of the first century BC, is generally considered the earliest known mechanical analog computer, and the earliest known geared mechanism.[10] Comparable geared devices did not emerge in Europe until the 16th century, and it was not until 1645 that the first mechanical calculator capable of performing the four basic arithmetical operations was developed.[11]

    Zuse Z3 replica on display at Deutsches Museum in Munich. The Zuse Z3 is the first programmable computer.

    Electronic computers, using either relays or valves, began to appear in the early 1940s. The electromechanical Zuse Z3, completed in 1941, was the world's first programmable computer, and by modern standards one of the first machines that could be considered a complete computing machine. During the Second World War, Colossus developed the first electronic digital computer to decrypt German messages. Although it was programmable, it was not general-purpose, being designed to perform only a single task. It also lacked the ability to store its program in memory; programming was carried out using plugs and switches to alter the internal wiring.[12] The first recognizably modern electronic digital stored-program computer was the Manchester Baby, which ran its first program on 21 June 1948.[13]

    The development of transistors in the late 1940s at Bell Laboratories allowed a new generation of computers to be designed with greatly reduced power consumption. The first commercially available stored-program computer, the Ferranti Mark I, contained 4050 valves and had a power consumption of 25 kilowatts. By comparison, the first transistorized computer developed at the University of Manchester and operational by November 1953, consumed only 150 watts in its final version.[14]

    Several other breakthroughs in semiconductor technology include the integrated circuit (IC) invented by Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor in 1959, silicon dioxide surface passivation by Carl Frosch and Lincoln Derick in 1955,[15] the first planar silicon dioxide transistors by Frosch and Derick in 1957,[16] the MOSFET demonstration by a Bell Labs team,[17][18][19][20] the planar process by Jean Hoerni in 1959,[21][22][23] and the microprocessor invented by Ted Hoff, Federico Faggin, Masatoshi Shima, and Stanley Mazor at Intel in 1971. These important inventions led to the development of the personal computer (PC) in the 1970s, and the emergence of information and communications technology (ICT).[24]

    By 1984, according to the National Westminster Bank Quarterly Review, the term information technology had been redefined as "the convergence of telecommunications and computing technology (...generally known in Britain as information technology)." We then begin to see the appearance of the term in 1990 contained within documents for the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).[25]

    Innovations in technology have already revolutionized the world by the twenty-first century as people have gained access to different online services. This has changed the workforce drastically as thirty percent of U.S. workers were already in careers in this profession. 136.9 million people were personally connected to the Internet, which was equivalent to 51 million households.[26] Along with the Internet, new types of technology were also being introduced across the globe, which has improved efficiency and made things easier across the globe.

    As technology revolutionized society, millions of processes could be completed in seconds. Innovations in communication were crucial as people increasingly relied on computers to communicate via telephone lines and cable networks. The introduction of the email was considered revolutionary as "companies in one part of the world could communicate by e-mail with suppliers and buyers in another part of the world...".[27]

    Not only personally, computers and technology have also revolutionized the marketing industry, resulting in more buyers of their products. In 2002, Americans exceeded $28 billion in goods just over the Internet alone while e-commerce a decade later resulted in $289 billion in sales.[27] And as computers are rapidly becoming more sophisticated by the day, they are becoming more used as people are becoming more reliant on them during the twenty-first century.

     

    Data processing

    [edit]
    Ferranti Mark I computer logic board

    Electronic data processing or business information processing can refer to the use of automated methods to process commercial data. Typically, this uses relatively simple, repetitive activities to process large volumes of similar information. For example: stock updates applied to an inventory, banking transactions applied to account and customer master files, booking and ticketing transactions to an airline's reservation system, billing for utility services. The modifier "electronic" or "automatic" was used with "data processing" (DP), especially c. 1960, to distinguish human clerical data processing from that done by computer.[28][29]

    Storage

    [edit]
    Punched tapes were used in early computers to store and represent data.

    Early electronic computers such as Colossus made use of punched tape, a long strip of paper on which data was represented by a series of holes, a technology now obsolete.[30] Electronic data storage, which is used in modern computers, dates from World War II, when a form of delay-line memory was developed to remove the clutter from radar signals, the first practical application of which was the mercury delay line.[31] The first random-access digital storage device was the Williams tube, which was based on a standard cathode ray tube.[32] However, the information stored in it and delay-line memory was volatile in the fact that it had to be continuously refreshed, and thus was lost once power was removed. The earliest form of non-volatile computer storage was the magnetic drum, invented in 1932[33] and used in the Ferranti Mark 1, the world's first commercially available general-purpose electronic computer.[34]

    IBM card storage warehouse located in Alexandria, Virginia in 1959. This is where the United States government kept storage of punched cards.

    IBM introduced the first hard disk drive in 1956, as a component of their 305 RAMAC computer system.[35]: 6  Most digital data today is still stored magnetically on hard disks, or optically on media such as CD-ROMs.[36]: 4–5  Until 2002 most information was stored on analog devices, but that year digital storage capacity exceeded analog for the first time. As of 2007, almost 94% of the data stored worldwide was held digitally:[37] 52% on hard disks, 28% on optical devices, and 11% on digital magnetic tape. It has been estimated that the worldwide capacity to store information on electronic devices grew from less than 3 exabytes in 1986 to 295 exabytes in 2007,[38] doubling roughly every 3 years.[39]

    Databases

    [edit]

    Database Management Systems (DMS) emerged in the 1960s to address the problem of storing and retrieving large amounts of data accurately and quickly. An early such system was IBM's Information Management System (IMS),[40] which is still widely deployed more than 50 years later.[41] IMS stores data hierarchically,[40] but in the 1970s Ted Codd proposed an alternative relational storage model based on set theory and predicate logic and the familiar concepts of tables, rows, and columns. In 1981, the first commercially available relational database management system (RDBMS) was released by Oracle.[42]

    All DMS consist of components; they allow the data they store to be accessed simultaneously by many users while maintaining its integrity.[43] All databases are common in one point that the structure of the data they contain is defined and stored separately from the data itself, in a database schema.[40]

    In the late 2000s (decade), the extensible markup language (XML) has become a popular format for data representation. Although XML data can be stored in normal file systems, it is commonly held in relational databases to take advantage of their "robust implementation verified by years of both theoretical and practical effort."[44] As an evolution of the Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML), XML's text-based structure offers the advantage of being both machine- and human-readable.[45]

     

    Transmission

    [edit]
    Radio towers at Pine Hill lookout

    Data transmission has three aspects: transmission, propagation, and reception.[46] It can be broadly categorized as broadcasting, in which information is transmitted unidirectionally downstream, or telecommunications, with bidirectional upstream and downstream channels.[38]

    XML has been increasingly employed as a means of data interchange since the early 2000s,[47] particularly for machine-oriented interactions such as those involved in web-oriented protocols such as SOAP,[45] describing "data-in-transit rather than... data-at-rest".[47]

    Manipulation

    [edit]

    Hilbert and Lopez identify the exponential pace of technological change (a kind of Moore's law): machines' application-specific capacity to compute information per capita roughly doubled every 14 months between 1986 and 2007; the per capita capacity of the world's general-purpose computers doubled every 18 months during the same two decades; the global telecommunication capacity per capita doubled every 34 months; the world's storage capacity per capita required roughly 40 months to double (every 3 years); and per capita broadcast information has doubled every 12.3 years.[38]

    Massive amounts of data are stored worldwide every day, but unless it can be analyzed and presented effectively it essentially resides in what have been called data tombs: "data archives that are seldom visited".[48] To address that issue, the field of data mining — "the process of discovering interesting patterns and knowledge from large amounts of data"[49] — emerged in the late 1980s.[50]

     

    Services

    [edit]

    Email

    [edit]
    A woman sending an email at an internet cafe's public computer.

    The technology and services IT provides for sending and receiving electronic messages (called "letters" or "electronic letters") over a distributed (including global) computer network. In terms of the composition of elements and the principle of operation, electronic mail practically repeats the system of regular (paper) mail, borrowing both terms (mail, letter, envelope, attachment, box, delivery, and others) and characteristic features — ease of use, message transmission delays, sufficient reliability and at the same time no guarantee of delivery. The advantages of e-mail are: easily perceived and remembered by a person addresses of the form user_name@domain_name (for example, somebody@example.com); the ability to transfer both plain text and formatted, as well as arbitrary files; independence of servers (in the general case, they address each other directly); sufficiently high reliability of message delivery; ease of use by humans and programs.

    The disadvantages of e-mail include: the presence of such a phenomenon as spam (massive advertising and viral mailings); the theoretical impossibility of guaranteed delivery of a particular letter; possible delays in message delivery (up to several days); limits on the size of one message and on the total size of messages in the mailbox (personal for users).

    Search system

    [edit]

    A search system is software and hardware complex with a web interface that provides the ability to look for information on the Internet. A search engine usually means a site that hosts the interface (front-end) of the system. The software part of a search engine is a search engine (search engine) — a set of programs that provides the functionality of a search engine and is usually a trade secret of the search engine developer company. Most search engines look for information on World Wide Web sites, but there are also systems that can look for files on FTP servers, items in online stores, and information on Usenet newsgroups. Improving search is one of the priorities of the modern Internet (see the Deep Web article about the main problems in the work of search engines).

    Commercial effects

    [edit]

    Companies in the information technology field are often discussed as a group as the "tech sector" or the "tech industry."[51][52][53] These titles can be misleading at times and should not be mistaken for "tech companies," which are generally large scale, for-profit corporations that sell consumer technology and software. From a business perspective, information technology departments are a "cost center" the majority of the time. A cost center is a department or staff which incurs expenses, or "costs," within a company rather than generating profits or revenue streams. Modern businesses rely heavily on technology for their day-to-day operations, so the expenses delegated to cover technology that facilitates business in a more efficient manner are usually seen as "just the cost of doing business." IT departments are allocated funds by senior leadership and must attempt to achieve the desired deliverables while staying within that budget. Government and the private sector might have different funding mechanisms, but the principles are more or less the same. This is an often overlooked reason for the rapid interest in automation and artificial intelligence, but the constant pressure to do more with less is opening the door for automation to take control of at least some minor operations in large companies.

    Many companies now have IT departments for managing the computers, networks, and other technical areas of their businesses. Companies have also sought to integrate IT with business outcomes and decision-making through a BizOps or business operations department.[54]

    In a business context, the Information Technology Association of America has defined information technology as "the study, design, development, application, implementation, support, or management of computer-based information systems".[55][page needed] The responsibilities of those working in the field include network administration, software development and installation, and the planning and management of an organization's technology life cycle, by which hardware and software are maintained, upgraded, and replaced.

    Information services

    [edit]

    Information services is a term somewhat loosely applied to a variety of IT-related services offered by commercial companies,[56][57][58] as well as data brokers.

    Ethics

    [edit]

    The field of information ethics was established by mathematician Norbert Wiener in the 1940s.[60]: 9  Some of the ethical issues associated with the use of information technology include:[61]: 20–21 

    • Breaches of copyright by those downloading files stored without the permission of the copyright holders
    • Employers monitoring their employees' emails and other Internet usage
    • Unsolicited emails
    • Hackers accessing online databases
    • Web sites installing cookies or spyware to monitor a user's online activities, which may be used by data brokers

    IT projects

    [edit]

    Research suggests that IT projects in business and public administration can easily become significant in scale. Research conducted by McKinsey in collaboration with the University of Oxford suggested that half of all large-scale IT projects (those with initial cost estimates of $15 million or more) often failed to maintain costs within their initial budgets or to complete on time.[62]

    See also

    [edit]

    Notes

    [edit]
    1. ^ On the later more broad application of the term IT, Keary comments: "In its original application 'information technology' was appropriate to describe the convergence of technologies with application in the vast field of data storage, retrieval, processing, and dissemination. This useful conceptual term has since been converted to what purports to be of great use, but without the reinforcement of definition ... the term IT lacks substance when applied to the name of any function, discipline, or position."[2]

    References

    [edit]

    Citations

    [edit]
    1. ^ Chandler, Daniel; Munday, Rod (10 February 2011), "Information technology", A Dictionary of Media and Communication (first ed.), Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0199568758, retrieved 1 August 2012, Commonly a synonym for computers and computer networks but more broadly designating any technology that is used to generate, store, process, and/or distribute information electronically, including television and telephone..
    2. ^ Ralston, Hemmendinger & Reilly (2000), p. 869.
    3. ^ Forbes Technology Council, 16 Key Steps To Successful IT Project Management, published 10 September 2020, accessed 23 June 2023
    4. ^ Hindarto, Djarot (30 August 2023). "The Management of Projects is Improved Through Enterprise Architecture on Project Management Application Systems". International Journal Software Engineering and Computer Science. 3 (2): 151–161. doi:10.35870/ijsecs.v3i2.1512. ISSN 2776-3242.
    5. ^ a b Butler, Jeremy G., A History of Information Technology and Systems, University of Arizona, archived from the original on 5 August 2012, retrieved 2 August 2012
    6. ^ a b Leavitt, Harold J.; Whisler, Thomas L. (1958), "Management in the 1980s", Harvard Business Review, 11.
    7. ^ Slotten, Hugh Richard (1 January 2014). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the History of American Science, Medicine, and Technology. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780199766666.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-976666-6.
    8. ^ Henderson, H. (2017). computer science. In H. Henderson, Facts on File science library: Encyclopedia of computer science and technology. (3rd ed.). [Online]. New York: Facts On File.
    9. ^ Schmandt-Besserat, Denise (1981), "Decipherment of the earliest tablets", Science, 211 (4479): 283–285, Bibcode:1981Sci...211..283S, doi:10.1126/science.211.4479.283, ISSN 0036-8075, PMID 17748027.
    10. ^ Wright (2012), p. 279.
    11. ^ Chaudhuri (2004), p. 3.
    12. ^ Lavington (1980), p. 11.
    13. ^ Enticknap, Nicholas (Summer 1998), "Computing's Golden Jubilee", Resurrection (20), ISSN 0958-7403, archived from the original on 9 January 2012, retrieved 19 April 2008.
    14. ^ Cooke-Yarborough, E. H. (June 1998), "Some early transistor applications in the UK", Engineering Science & Education Journal, 7 (3): 100–106, doi:10.1049/esej:19980301 (inactive 12 July 2025), ISSN 0963-7346citation: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link).
    15. ^ US2802760A, Lincoln, Derick & Frosch, Carl J., "Oxidation of semiconductive surfaces for controlled diffusion", issued 13 August 1957 
    16. ^ Frosch, C. J.; Derick, L (1957). "Surface Protection and Selective Masking during Diffusion in Silicon". Journal of the Electrochemical Society. 104 (9): 547. doi:10.1149/1.2428650.
    17. ^ KAHNG, D. (1961). "Silicon-Silicon Dioxide Surface Device". Technical Memorandum of Bell Laboratories: 583–596. doi:10.1142/9789814503464_0076. ISBN 978-981-02-0209-5. cite journal: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
    18. ^ Lojek, Bo (2007). History of Semiconductor Engineering. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. p. 321. ISBN 978-3-540-34258-8.
    19. ^ Ligenza, J.R.; Spitzer, W.G. (1960). "The mechanisms for silicon oxidation in steam and oxygen". Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids. 14: 131–136. Bibcode:1960JPCS...14..131L. doi:10.1016/0022-3697(60)90219-5.
    20. ^ Lojek, Bo (2007). History of Semiconductor Engineering. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 120. ISBN 9783540342588.
    21. ^ Lojek, Bo (2007). History of Semiconductor Engineering. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 120 & 321–323. ISBN 9783540342588.
    22. ^ Bassett, Ross Knox (2007). To the Digital Age: Research Labs, Start-up Companies, and the Rise of MOS Technology. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 46. ISBN 9780801886393.
    23. ^ US 3025589  Hoerni, J. A.: "Method of Manufacturing Semiconductor Devices" filed May 1, 1959
    24. ^ "Advanced information on the Nobel Prize in Physics 2000" (PDF). Nobel Prize. June 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 August 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
    25. ^ Information technology. (2003). In E.D. Reilly, A. Ralston & D. Hemmendinger (Eds.), Encyclopedia of computer science. (4th ed.).
    26. ^ Stewart, C.M. (2018). Computers. In S. Bronner (Ed.), Encyclopedia of American studies. [Online]. Johns Hopkins University Press.
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    Further reading

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    Frequently Asked Questions

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