Why Your Internet Service Might Be Slowing You Down

Why Your Internet Service Might Be Slowing You Down

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Is Your Internet Plan Actually Fast Enough?


Is Your Internet Plan Actually Fast Enough?

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So, you're sitting there, scrolling through your favorite social media, and suddenly, bam! IT services in sydney . The dreaded buffering symbol pops up. Ugh! It's like watching paint dry, right? You might be wondering, “Whys my internet so slow?” Well, it's not always about your device or your Wi-Fi signal. Sometimes, it's your internet plan that's the real culprit.


First off, you gotta consider what you're actually using the internet for. If you're just checking emails or browsing the web, you might not need a super-fast plan. But, if you're streaming movies in HD, gaming online, or working from home with video calls, you're gonna need something with a bit more oomph. Many people don't realize that their current plan just isn't cutting it for their needs. It's like trying to fill a swimming pool with a garden hose – it just won't work!


And let's not forget about the number of devices connected at the same time. If youve got kids streaming their shows, while you're trying to work, and your partner's gaming, that can really eat up the bandwidth. You might think, “Oh, we're fine,” but trust me, if everyone's online at once, you're probably gonna notice some lag.


Moreover, some internet service providers (ISPs) advertise speeds that you might never actually get. They may promise you the world, but there're conditions. If you're in a crowded area or during peak hours, your speed might drop significantly. It's like ordering a fancy meal and getting a small portion. Disappointing, right?


Lastly, let's talk about hidden costs. Some plans come with data caps or throttling after a certain limit. So, even if you think you're getting a fast connection, you might actually be getting slowed down without even realizing it. It's a sneaky way for ISPs to manage their network but can be frustrating for users.


In conclusion, it's essential to evaluate your internet needs and compare that with what your plan offers. Don't settle for less! You deserve an internet connection that keeps up with your lifestyle. So, before you blame your device or your home setup, take a closer look at your internet plan – it just might be the thing slowing you down!

Router Issues: The Silent Speed Killer


When we think about slow internet, we often blame our Internet Service Provider (ISP) or the plan we're subscribed to. But hold on a second! There's a chance that the real culprit might be lurking right in our homes – the router. Yes, that little box (which we often take for granted) could be the silent speed killer in our internet experience.


First off, let's consider how routers work. They're responsible for distributing the internet signal throughout your home, connecting all your devices. If your router isn't functioning properly, it can lead to significant slowdowns. You might not realize it, but an outdated router could be the reason you're not getting the speeds you're paying for. It's not uncommon for folks to keep their routers for years without thinking about upgrading. This is a huge mistake!


Additionally, the placement of your router plays a vital role. If it's stuck in a corner of your house, or worse, hidden behind furniture, you're probably not getting the best signal. Walls, floors, and even appliances can interfere with the Wi-Fi signal.

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So, if you're experiencing dead zones in your house, it's time to rethink where you've set up that box.


Moreover, the number of devices connected to your network can also slow things down. Each device uses bandwidth, and if you've got too many streaming movies, downloading files, or gaming at the same time, your connection could take a hit. It's easy to overlook this, especially in a household with multiple users. You might not notice it immediately, but once everyone logs on, whoa! It's like a traffic jam on the information highway.


Another thing to keep in mind is that routers need regular updates (just like your computer). Ignoring firmware updates can leave your router vulnerable and sluggish. So, if you've never checked for updates, you might be missing out on improved performance.


In conclusion, while it's easy to point fingers at your ISP when your internet's slow, don't forget to give your router some attention. It could be the silent speed killer you never suspected! By upgrading, repositioning, managing connected devices, and keeping it updated, you can give your internet connection the boost it desperately needs. So, take a moment to check that little box – it might just save your online experience!

Too Many Devices Hogging Bandwidth


Okay, so yer internets crawlin, huh? Annoying, aint it! One major culprit? Too many devices hogging bandwidth. Think bout it, youve got yer smartphone, yer laptop, maybe a smart TV streamn (streaming) Netflix, and lil Timmys playin Fortnite all at once!


Each device needs its share of the internet pie, right? When too many of em are chowing down at the same time, well, there aint enough to go around. Its like tryin to pour water through a tiny straw to fill a bunch of buckets – its gonna take forever!


And it isnt just using the internet; even devices just connected can suck up bandwidth with background updates and syncing. (Those sneaky little buggers!) Think about it, that tablet you havent touched in a week is still probably checkin for software updates, wasting precious internet speed!


So, what can ya do? First, turn off devices you arent usin. Second, check yer router settings– you might be able to prioritize certain devices. (Gaming consoles, cough). Lastly, consider upgrading yer internet plan! It might be time for more bandwidth! Sheesh!

Background Apps and Processes Consuming Resources


Okay, so, youre wondering why your internet is crawling, huh? Well, it aint just your ISP maybe (though lets be real, theyre often part of the problem). Believe it or not, a sneaky culprit could be those background apps and processes chugging away on your computer or phone!


Think about it: Youve got your browser open, maybe youre streaming some tunes, but what else is goin on? A ton, probably! Apps sometimes update themselves without you even knowing! Or theyre syncing stuff to the cloud.

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Heck, even if you think you closed an app, it might still be lingering, using precious bandwidth.


These fellas eat into your data allowance, and can really slow down your connection, especially if youve a limited plan. It doesnt matter how fast your plan is if everything is trying to download at once. Its like trying to fit way too much traffic onto a tiny road! You wouldnt like that, would you?


So, what can you do? Well, for starters, check whats running! On your computer, use Task Manager (Windows) or Activity Monitor (Mac). On your phone, peek at your battery usage; it often highlights apps consuming the most data. Close anything you arent actively using, and gasp maybe even uninstall apps you dont need. Its surprising how much these things can hog!


Dont let these background bandits ruin your internet experience! Take control and reclaim your speed!

Outdated Hardware and Software


Okay, so youre wondering why your internet is crawling, right? Well, lets talk about something thats a real culprit: outdated hardware and software. I mean, seriously, are you still rocking that ancient router your great aunt gave you? (Bless her heart.) That thing could be a major bottleneck!


Think about it. Technology moves at warp speed. What was cutting edge, like, five years ago is practically a fossil now. Your old router probably cant handle the demands of modern streaming, gaming, and endless Zoom calls. Its just not designed for the bandwidth we need these days. Plus, its security might be a joke, leaving you vulnerable. Its not good!


And it aint just the router. We cant forget your computer, phone, or tablet. Old operating systems and browsers? Theyre like rusty pipes, slowing everything down. They arent optimized for current websites and apps, and often have security flaws that are exploited. You might even be running software that hasnt been updated in ages! Gasp!


Dont neglect to do regular updates. These updates usually do more than just add features, they also provide security and performance enhancements. So, if youre not keeping your devices and software current, youre basically asking for trouble. Its like driving a car with bald tires – eventually, youre gonna skid. You should upgrade your hardware and software! Its vital if you want a smooth, fast internet experience, I tell ya!

Interference and Placement Problems


When it comes to internet speed, there are a bunch of factors that can really mess things up. You might be wondering why your connection feels slower than molasses in winter. Well, lets dive into the pesky interference and placement problems that could be the culprits!


First off, let's talk about interference. You know, that annoying thing that happens when you're trying to stream your favorite show or win that crucial game? It can come from all sorts of sources, like microwaves, cordless phones, or even your neighbors Wi-Fi. (Seriously, they might not even know they're causing the trouble!) These devices can create a kind of noise that disrupts the signals your internet relies on. So, if you're in a crowded area or have a lot of gadgets running, it's no wonder your speed's taken a hit.


Now, onto placement problems – and boy, they're just as important! If your routers hidden away in a closet or stuck behind a massive couch, you're probably not gonna get the best performance. It's gotta be placed in a central location to ensure the signal spreads evenly throughout your space. (Trust me, I've learned this the hard way!) Walls, furniture, and even the layout of your home can obstruct signals, resulting in dead spots where your internet seems to vanish.


But hold on!

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You might think, “I've got a good router, why's it slowing down?” Well, it's not just about the equipment. It's about how you use it too. If you've got multiple devices hogging the bandwidth, like tablets streaming videos while others are downloading updates, it's bound to slow things down. So, maybe try limiting how many devices are connected at once; you might notice a difference!


In conclusion, while you might not be able to control all the interference around you, you can definitely work on optimizing your router's placement. A few simple adjustments could lead to a quicker, more reliable internet experience. Dont let slow speeds ruin your online fun!

ISP Throttling and Network Congestion


Hey there! So youre probably wondering why your internet feels like its moving at a snails pace these days. Well, it could be a few different things, but two main culprits are ISP throttling and network congestion.


ISP throttling is kind of like when your mom tells you to slow down because youve been playing too loud. Internet Service Providers (ISPs) sometimes do this to manage their bandwidth more effectively. They might limit your speed if they think youre using too much data, or just during peak hours when everyones online. Its annoying, sure thing, but they say it helps keep prices low and improves service for others.


Network congestion, on the other hand, is more like trying to drive home during rush hour when all the roads are jammed. Your internet data has to travel through a bunch of servers and wires before it gets to your computer, and if too many people are trying to use the same routes at the same time, everything slows down. It doesnt matter if youre paying top dollar for lightning-fast internet - if the network is backed up like a parking garage, your connection will suffer.


Now, its not always easy to tell if one of these issues is causing your internet blues. Maybe your neighbor is hogging the Wi-Fi, or maybe its just an old router that cant handle the latest streaming services. But if youve ruled out those possibilities and still find yourself frustrated by buffering videos or slow downloads, then ISP throttling or network congestion might be the problem.


And heres the kicker - theres not much you can do about network congestion except maybe wait until later in the day when fewer people are online. But you can fight back against ISP throttling by monitoring your data usage and making sure youre not going over your plan limits. If you think your ISP is unfairly slowing down your connection, you could also try reaching out to them or switching to a different provider who respects their customers bandwidth needs!


So next time youre complaining about how slow your internet is, remember its not just about the speed you pay for. There are other factors at play (thats just how the internet works, unfortunately). Hope that helps explain things a bit!

Malware and Security Threats


Hey there! So, youve been wondering why your internet suddenly feels like its moving at a snails pace? Well, there could be a few reasons, but one major culprit is malware and security threats. Malware, short for malicious software, can really bring your internet to its knees! It doesnt just mess with your computer; it can slow down your entire network. You know how it feels when someones hogging the bandwidth? Thats kind of what malware does, but not by choice.


Now, think about security threats - theyre like digital bullies on the internet highway. These threats arent necessarily malware, but they can still cause serious issues. For instance, ransomware attacks hold your files hostage until you pay up, which means you might not be able to access important stuff without your internet. And dont even get me started on phishing scams! They trick you into giving away personal info, which isnt just annoying but can also lead to bigger problems.


Its a bit frustrating when youre trying to stream your favorite show or download something quick, only to find out that these sneaky threats are holding everything back. Not to mention, having malware on your system can drain your battery faster if youre using a laptop or mobile device. So yeah, its definitely not something to ignore!


In short, keeping your devices secure with antivirus software and staying vigilant about online threats can help keep your internet running smoothly. Neglecting these things might mean youll be stuck with a slow connection, and who wants that?

Citations and other links

A server is a physical component to IT Infrastructure.

Information technology infrastructure is defined broadly as a set of information technology (IT) components that are the foundation of an IT service; typically physical components (computer and networking hardware and facilities), but also various software and network components.[1][2]

According to the ITIL Foundation Course Glossary, IT Infrastructure can also be termed as “All of the hardware, software, networks, facilities, etc., that are required to develop, test, deliver, monitor, control or support IT services. The term IT infrastructure includes all of the Information Technology but not the associated People, Processes and documentation.”[3]

Overview

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In IT Infrastructure, the above technological components contribute to and drive business functions. Leaders and managers within the IT field are responsible for ensuring that both the physical hardware and software networks and resources are working optimally. IT infrastructure can be looked at as the foundation of an organization's technology systems, thereby playing an integral part in driving its success.[4] All organizations who rely on technology to do their business can benefit from having a robust, interconnected IT Infrastructure. With the current speed that technology changes and the competitive nature of businesses, IT leaders have to ensure that their IT Infrastructure is designed such that changes can be made quickly and without impacting the business continuity.[5] While traditionally companies used to typically rely on physical data centers or colocation facilities to support their IT Infrastructure, cloud hosting has become more popular as it is easier to manage and scale. IT Infrastructure can be managed by the company itself or it can be outsourced to another company that has consulting expertise to develop robust infrastructures for an organization.[6] With advances in online outreach availability, it has become easier for end users to access technology. As a result, IT infrastructures have become more complex and therefore, it is harder for managers to oversee the end to end operations. In order to mitigate this issue, strong IT Infrastructures require employees with varying skill sets. The fields of IT management and IT service management rely on IT infrastructure, and the ITIL framework was developed as a set of best practices with regard to IT infrastructure. The ITIL framework assists companies with the ability to be responsive to technological market demands. Technology can often be thought of as an innovative product which can incur high production costs. However, the ITIL framework helps address these issues and allows the company to be more cost effective which helps IT managers to keep the IT Infrastructure functioning.[7]

Background

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Even though the IT infrastructure has been around for over 60 years, there have been incredible advances in technology in the past 15 years.[8]

Components of IT infrastructure

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Network switch

The primary components of an IT Infrastructure are the physical systems such as hardware, storage, any kind of routers/switches and the building itself but also networks and software .[9] In addition to these components, there is the need for “IT Infrastructure Security”. Security keeps the network and its devices safe in order to maintain the integrity within the overall infrastructure of the organization.[10]

Specifically, the first three layers are directly involved with IT Infrastructure. The physical layer serves as the fundamental layer for hardware. The second and third layers (Data Link and Network), are essential for communication to and from hardware devices. Without this, networking is not possible. Therefore, in a sense, the internet itself would not be possible.[11] It's important to emphasize that fiber optics play a crucial role in a network infrastructure. Fiber optics[12] serve as the primary means for connecting network equipment and establishing connections between buildings.

IT Infrastructure types

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Starlink

Different types of technological tasks may require a tailored approach to the infrastructure. These can be achieved through a traditional, cloud or hyper converged IT Infrastructure.[13]

Skills

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There are many functioning parts that go into the health of an IT infrastructure. In order to contribute positively to the organization, employees can acquire abilities to benefit the company. These include key technical abilities such as cloud, network, and data administration skills and soft abilities such as collaboration and communication skills.[14][15]

Future

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As data storage and management becomes more digitized, IT Infrastructure is moving towards the cloud. Infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS) provides the ability to host on a server and is a platform for cloud computing.[16]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ techopedia.com: IT Infrastructure Quote: "...IT infrastructure refers to the composite hardware, software, network resources and services required for the existence, operation and management of an enterprise IT environment...", backup
  2. ^ gartner.com: IT Infrastructure Quote: "...IT infrastructure is the system of hardware, software, facilities and service components that support the delivery of business systems and IT-enabled processes...", backup
  3. ^ "ITIL® V3 Foundation Course Glossary" (PDF).
  4. ^ "What is IT Infrastructure?". www.ecpi.edu. Retrieved 2019-11-28.
  5. ^ "Beginner's Guide to IT Infrastructure Management". Smartsheet. Retrieved 2019-11-28.
  6. ^ "What is infrastructure (IT infrastructure)? - Definition from WhatIs.com". SearchDataCenter. Retrieved 2019-11-28.
  7. ^ "What is ITIL 4? ITIL 4 Framework & Processes Explained". BMC Blogs. Retrieved 2019-11-28.
  8. ^ Hardware, Marco Ceppi 2018-03-29T10:30:38 87Z. "The evolution of IT infrastructure – from mainframe to server-less". ITProPortal. Retrieved 2019-11-28.cite web: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ "What is IT Infrastructure?". www.ecpi.edu. Retrieved 2019-11-28.
  10. ^ "What is infrastructure (IT infrastructure)? - Definition from WhatIs.com". SearchDataCenter. Retrieved 2019-11-28.
  11. ^ "What is the OSI Model?".
  12. ^ Barbut, Cornel (June 2018). "Fiber Optic Deployments in Romania between Metropolitan Fiber Optic Networks and Indoor Fiber Optic Infrastructure". 2018 10th International Conference on Electronics, Computers and Artificial Intelligence (ECAI). IEEE. pp. 1–3. doi:10.1109/ECAI.2018.8679021. ISBN 978-1-5386-4901-5.
  13. ^ "What is IT infrastructure?". www.redhat.com. Retrieved 2019-11-28.
  14. ^ "10 IT Infrastructure Skills You Should Master". InformationWeek. Retrieved 2019-11-28.
  15. ^ "What is IT Infrastructure?". www.ecpi.edu. Retrieved 2019-11-28.
  16. ^ "What is infrastructure (IT infrastructure)? - Definition from WhatIs.com". SearchDataCenter. Retrieved 2019-11-28.

Sources

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A mindmap of ICTs
Internet history timeline

Early research and development:

Merging the networks and creating the Internet:

Commercialization, privatization, broader access leads to the modern Internet:

Examples of Internet services:

Information and communications technology (ICT) is an extensional term for information technology (IT) that stresses the role of unified communications[1] and the integration of telecommunications (telephone lines and wireless signals) and computers, as well as necessary enterprise software, middleware, storage and audiovisual, that enable users to access, store, transmit, understand and manipulate information.

ICT is also used to refer to the convergence of audiovisuals and telephone networks with computer networks through a single cabling or link system. There are large economic incentives to merge the telephone networks with the computer network system using a single unified system of cabling, signal distribution, and management. ICT is an umbrella term that includes any communication device, encompassing radio, television, cell phones, computer and network hardware, satellite systems and so on, as well as the various services and appliances with them such as video conferencing and distance learning. ICT also includes analog technology, such as paper communication, and any mode that transmits communication.[2]

ICT is a broad subject and the concepts are evolving.[3] It covers any product that will store, retrieve, manipulate, process, transmit, or receive information electronically in a digital form (e.g., personal computers including smartphones, digital television, email, or robots). Skills Framework for the Information Age is one of many models for describing and managing competencies for ICT professionals in the 21st century.[4]

Etymology

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The phrase "information and communication technologies" has been used by academic researchers since the 1980s.[5] The abbreviation "ICT" became popular after it was used in a report to the UK government by Dennis Stevenson in 1997,[6] and then in the revised National Curriculum for England, Wales and Northern Ireland in 2000. However, in 2012, the Royal Society recommended that the use of the term "ICT" should be discontinued in British schools "as it has attracted too many negative connotations".[7] From 2014, the National Curriculum has used the word computing, which reflects the addition of computer programming into the curriculum.[8]

Variations of the phrase have spread worldwide. The United Nations has created a "United Nations Information and Communication Technologies Task Force" and an internal "Office of Information and Communications Technology".[9]

Monetization

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The money spent on IT worldwide has been estimated as US$3.8 trillion[10] in 2017 and has been growing at less than 5% per year since 2009. The estimated 2018 growth of the entire ICT is 5%. The biggest growth of 16% is expected in the area of new technologies (IoT, Robotics, AR/VR, and AI).[11]

The 2014 IT budget of the US federal government was nearly $82 billion.[12] IT costs, as a percentage of corporate revenue, have grown 50% since 2002, putting a strain on IT budgets. When looking at current companies' IT budgets, 75% are recurrent costs, used to "keep the lights on" in the IT department, and 25% are the cost of new initiatives for technology development.[13]

The average IT budget has the following breakdown:[13]

  • 34% personnel costs (internal), 31% after correction
  • 16% software costs (external/purchasing category), 29% after correction
  • 33% hardware costs (external/purchasing category), 26% after correction
  • 17% costs of external service providers (external/services), 14% after correction

The estimated amount of money spent in 2022 is just over US$6 trillion.[14]

Technological capacity

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The world's technological capacity to store information grew from 2.6 (optimally compressed) exabytes in 1986 to 15.8 in 1993, over 54.5 in 2000, and to 295 (optimally compressed) exabytes in 2007, and some 5 zettabytes in 2014.[15][16] This is the informational equivalent to 1.25 stacks of CD-ROM from the earth to the moon in 2007, and the equivalent of 4,500 stacks of printed books from the earth to the sun in 2014. The world's technological capacity to receive information through one-way broadcast networks was 432 exabytes of (optimally compressed) information in 1986, 715 (optimally compressed) exabytes in 1993, 1.2 (optimally compressed) zettabytes in 2000, and 1.9 zettabytes in 2007.[15] The world's effective capacity to exchange information through two-way telecommunication networks was 281 petabytes of (optimally compressed) information in 1986, 471 petabytes in 1993, 2.2 (optimally compressed) exabytes in 2000, 65 (optimally compressed) exabytes in 2007,[15] and some 100 exabytes in 2014.[17] The world's technological capacity to compute information with humanly guided general-purpose computers grew from 3.0 × 10^8 MIPS in 1986, to 6.4 x 10^12 MIPS in 2007.[15]

Sector in the OECD

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The following is a list of OECD countries by share of ICT sector in total value added in 2013.[18]

Rank Country ICT sector in % Relative size
1  South Korea 10.7 10.7
 
2  Japan 7.02 7.02
 
3  Ireland 6.99 6.99
 
4  Sweden 6.82 6.82
 
5  Hungary 6.09 6.09
 
6  United States 5.89 5.89
 
7  India 5.87 5.87
 
8  Czech Republic 5.74 5.74
 
9 Finland 5.60 5.6
 
10  United Kingdom 5.53 5.53
 
11  Estonia 5.33 5.33
 
12  Slovakia 4.87 4.87
 
13  Germany 4.84 4.84
 
14  Luxembourg 4.54 4.54
 
15   Switzerland 4.63 4.63
 
16  France 4.33 4.33
 
17  Slovenia 4.26 4.26
 
18  Denmark 4.06 4.06
 
19  Spain 4.00 4
 
20  Canada 3.86 3.86
 
21  Italy 3.72 3.72
 
22  Belgium 3.72 3.72
 
23  Austria 3.56 3.56
 
24  Portugal 3.43 3.43
 
25  Poland 3.33 3.33
 
26  Norway 3.32 3.32
 
27  Greece 3.31 3.31
 
28  Iceland 2.87 2.87
 
29  Mexico 2.77 2.77
 

ICT Development Index

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The ICT Development Index ranks and compares the level of ICT use and access across the various countries around the world.[19] In 2014 ITU (International Telecommunication Union) released the latest rankings of the IDI, with Denmark attaining the top spot, followed by South Korea. The top 30 countries in the rankings include most high-income countries where the quality of life is higher than average, which includes countries from Europe and other regions such as "Australia, Bahrain, Canada, Japan, Macao (China), New Zealand, Singapore, and the United States; almost all countries surveyed improved their IDI ranking this year."[20]

The WSIS process and development goals

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On 21 December 2001, the United Nations General Assembly approved Resolution 56/183, endorsing the holding of the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) to discuss the opportunities and challenges facing today's information society.[21] According to this resolution, the General Assembly related the Summit to the United Nations Millennium Declaration's goal of implementing ICT to achieve Millennium Development Goals. It also emphasized a multi-stakeholder approach to achieve these goals, using all stakeholders including civil society and the private sector, in addition to governments.

To help anchor and expand ICT to every habitable part of the world, "2015 is the deadline for achievements of the UN Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which global leaders agreed upon in the year 2000."[22]

In education

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Today's society shows the ever-growing computer-centric lifestyle, which includes the rapid influx of computers in the modern classroom.

There is evidence that, to be effective in education, ICT must be fully integrated into the pedagogy. Specifically, when teaching literacy and math, using ICT in combination with Writing to Learn[23][24] produces better results than traditional methods alone or ICT alone.[25] The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), a division of the United Nations, has made integrating ICT into education as part of its efforts to ensure equity and access to education. The following, which was taken directly from a UNESCO publication on educational ICT, explains the organization's position on the initiative.

Information and Communication Technology can contribute to universal access to education, equity in education, the delivery of quality learning and teaching, teachers' professional development and more efficient education management, governance, and administration. UNESCO takes a holistic and comprehensive approach to promote ICT in education. Access, inclusion, and quality are among the main challenges they can address. The Organization's Intersectoral Platform for ICT in education focuses on these issues through the joint work of three of its sectors: Communication & Information, Education and Science.[26]

OLPC Laptops at school in Rwanda

Despite the power of computers to enhance and reform teaching and learning practices, improper implementation is a widespread issue beyond the reach of increased funding and technological advances with little evidence that teachers and tutors are properly integrating ICT into everyday learning.[27] Intrinsic barriers such as a belief in more traditional teaching practices and individual attitudes towards computers in education as well as the teachers own comfort with computers and their ability to use them all as result in varying effectiveness in the integration of ICT in the classroom.[28]

Mobile learning for refugees

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School environments play an important role in facilitating language learning. However, language and literacy barriers are obstacles preventing refugees from accessing and attending school, especially outside camp settings.[29]

Mobile-assisted language learning apps are key tools for language learning. Mobile solutions can provide support for refugees' language and literacy challenges in three main areas: literacy development, foreign language learning and translations. Mobile technology is relevant because communicative practice is a key asset for refugees and immigrants as they immerse themselves in a new language and a new society. Well-designed mobile language learning activities connect refugees with mainstream cultures, helping them learn in authentic contexts.[29]

Developing countries

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Africa

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A computer screen at the front of a room of policymakers shows the Mobile Learning Week logo
Representatives meet for a policy forum on M-Learning at UNESCO's Mobile Learning Week in March 2017.

ICT has been employed as an educational enhancement in Sub-Saharan Africa since the 1960s. Beginning with television and radio, it extended the reach of education from the classroom to the living room, and to geographical areas that had been beyond the reach of the traditional classroom. As the technology evolved and became more widely used, efforts in Sub-Saharan Africa were also expanded. In the 1990s a massive effort to push computer hardware and software into schools was undertaken, with the goal of familiarizing both students and teachers with computers in the classroom. Since then, multiple projects have endeavoured to continue the expansion of ICT's reach in the region, including the One Laptop Per Child (OLPC) project, which by 2015 had distributed over 2.4 million laptops to nearly two million students and teachers.[30]

The inclusion of ICT in the classroom, often referred to as M-Learning, has expanded the reach of educators and improved their ability to track student progress in Sub-Saharan Africa. In particular, the mobile phone has been most important in this effort. Mobile phone use is widespread, and mobile networks cover a wider area than internet networks in the region. The devices are familiar to student, teacher, and parent, and allow increased communication and access to educational materials. In addition to benefits for students, M-learning also offers the opportunity for better teacher training, which leads to a more consistent curriculum across the educational service area. In 2011, UNESCO started a yearly symposium called Mobile Learning Week with the purpose of gathering stakeholders to discuss the M-learning initiative.[30]

Implementation is not without its challenges. While mobile phone and internet use are increasing much more rapidly in Sub-Saharan Africa than in other developing countries, the progress is still slow compared to the rest of the developed world, with smartphone penetration only expected to reach 20% by 2017.[30] Additionally, there are gender, social, and geo-political barriers to educational access, and the severity of these barriers vary greatly by country. Overall, 29.6 million children in Sub-Saharan Africa were not in school in the year 2012, owing not just to the geographical divide, but also to political instability, the importance of social origins, social structure, and gender inequality. Once in school, students also face barriers to quality education, such as teacher competency, training and preparedness, access to educational materials, and lack of information management.[30]

Growth in modern society and developing countries

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In modern society, ICT is ever-present, with over three billion people having access to the Internet.[31] With approximately 8 out of 10 Internet users owning a smartphone, information and data are increasing by leaps and bounds.[32] This rapid growth, especially in developing countries, has led ICT to become a keystone of everyday life, in which life without some facet of technology renders most of clerical, work and routine tasks dysfunctional.

The most recent authoritative data, released in 2014, shows "that Internet use continues to grow steadily, at 6.6% globally in 2014 (3.3% in developed countries, 8.7% in the developing world); the number of Internet users in developing countries has doubled in five years (2009–2014), with two-thirds of all people online now living in the developing world."[20]

Limitations

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However, hurdles are still large. "Of the 4.3 billion people not yet using the Internet, 90% live in developing countries. In the world's 42 Least Connected Countries (LCCs), which are home to 2.5 billion people, access to ICTs remains largely out of reach, particularly for these countries' large rural populations."[33] ICT has yet to penetrate the remote areas of some countries, with many developing countries dearth of any type of Internet. This also includes the availability of telephone lines, particularly the availability of cellular coverage, and other forms of electronic transmission of data. The latest "Measuring the Information Society Report" cautiously stated that the increase in the aforementioned cellular data coverage is ostensible, as "many users have multiple subscriptions, with global growth figures sometimes translating into little real improvement in the level of connectivity of those at the very bottom of the pyramid; an estimated 450 million people worldwide live in places which are still out of reach of mobile cellular service."[31]

Favourably, the gap between the access to the Internet and mobile coverage has decreased substantially in the last fifteen years, in which "2015 was the deadline for achievements of the UN Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which global leaders agreed upon in the year 2000, and the new data show ICT progress and highlight remaining gaps."[22] ICT continues to take on a new form, with nanotechnology set to usher in a new wave of ICT electronics and gadgets. ICT newest editions into the modern electronic world include smartwatches, such as the Apple Watch, smart wristbands such as the Nike+ FuelBand, and smart TVs such as Google TV. With desktops soon becoming part of a bygone era, and laptops becoming the preferred method of computing, ICT continues to insinuate and alter itself in the ever-changing globe.

Information communication technologies play a role in facilitating accelerated pluralism in new social movements today. The internet according to Bruce Bimber is "accelerating the process of issue group formation and action"[34] and coined the term accelerated pluralism to explain this new phenomena. ICTs are tools for "enabling social movement leaders and empowering dictators"[35] in effect promoting societal change. ICTs can be used to garner grassroots support for a cause due to the internet allowing for political discourse and direct interventions with state policy[36] as well as change the way complaints from the populace are handled by governments. Furthermore, ICTs in a household are associated with women rejecting justifications for intimate partner violence. According to a study published in 2017, this is likely because "access to ICTs exposes women to different ways of life and different notions about women's role in society and the household, especially in culturally conservative regions where traditional gender expectations contrast observed alternatives."[37]

In health care

[edit]

In science

[edit]

Applications of ICTs in science, research and development, and academia include:

Models of access

[edit]

Scholar Mark Warschauer defines a "models of access" framework for analyzing ICT accessibility. In the second chapter of his book, Technology and Social Inclusion: Rethinking the Digital Divide, he describes three models of access to ICTs: devices, conduits, and literacy.[40] Devices and conduits are the most common descriptors for access to ICTs, but they are insufficient for meaningful access to ICTs without third model of access, literacy.[40] Combined, these three models roughly incorporate all twelve of the criteria of "Real Access" to ICT use, conceptualized by a non-profit organization called Bridges.org in 2005:[41]

  1. Physical access to technology
  2. Appropriateness of technology
  3. Affordability of technology and technology use
  4. Human capacity and training
  5. Locally relevant content, applications, and services
  6. Integration into daily routines
  7. Socio-cultural factors
  8. Trust in technology
  9. Local economic environment
  10. Macro-economic environment
  11. Legal and regulatory framework
  12. Political will and public support

Devices

[edit]

The most straightforward model of access for ICT in Mark Warschauer's theory is devices.[40] In this model, access is defined most simply as the ownership of a device such as a phone or computer.[40] Warschauer identifies many flaws with this model, including its inability to account for additional costs of ownership such as software, access to telecommunications, knowledge gaps surrounding computer use, and the role of government regulation in some countries.[40] Therefore, Warschauer argues that considering only devices understates the magnitude of digital inequality. For example, the Pew Research Center notes that 96% of Americans own a smartphone,[42] although most scholars in this field would contend that comprehensive access to ICT in the United States is likely much lower than that.

Conduits

[edit]

A conduit requires a connection to a supply line, which for ICT could be a telephone line or Internet line. Accessing the supply requires investment in the proper infrastructure from a commercial company or local government and recurring payments from the user once the line is set up. For this reason, conduits usually divide people based on their geographic locations. As a Pew Research Center poll reports, Americans in rural areas are 12% less likely to have broadband access than other Americans, thereby making them less likely to own the devices.[43] Additionally, these costs can be prohibitive to lower-income families accessing ICTs. These difficulties have led to a shift toward mobile technology; fewer people are purchasing broadband connection and are instead relying on their smartphones for Internet access, which can be found for free at public places such as libraries.[44] Indeed, smartphones are on the rise, with 37% of Americans using smartphones as their primary medium for internet access[44] and 96% of Americans owning a smartphone.[42]

Literacy

[edit]
Youth and adults with ICT skills, 2017

In 1981, Sylvia Scribner and Michael Cole studied a tribe in Liberia, the Vai people, who have their own local script. Since about half of those literate in Vai have never had formal schooling, Scribner and Cole were able to test more than 1,000 subjects to measure the mental capabilities of literates over non-literates.[45] This research, which they laid out in their book The Psychology of Literacy,[45] allowed them to study whether the literacy divide exists at the individual level. Warschauer applied their literacy research to ICT literacy as part of his model of ICT access.

Scribner and Cole found no generalizable cognitive benefits from Vai literacy; instead, individual differences on cognitive tasks were due to other factors, like schooling or living environment.[45] The results suggested that there is "no single construct of literacy that divides people into two cognitive camps; [...] rather, there are gradations and types of literacies, with a range of benefits closely related to the specific functions of literacy practices."[40] Furthermore, literacy and social development are intertwined, and the literacy divide does not exist on the individual level.

Warschauer draws on Scribner and Cole's research to argue that ICT literacy functions similarly to literacy acquisition, as they both require resources rather than a narrow cognitive skill. Conclusions about literacy serve as the basis for a theory of the digital divide and ICT access, as detailed below:

There is not just one type of ICT access, but many types. The meaning and value of access varies in particular social contexts. Access exists in gradations rather than in a bipolar opposition. Computer and Internet use brings no automatic benefit outside of its particular functions. ICT use is a social practice, involving access to physical artifacts, content, skills, and social support. And acquisition of ICT access is a matter not only of education but also of power.[40]

Therefore, Warschauer concludes that access to ICT cannot rest on devices or conduits alone; it must also engage physical, digital, human, and social resources.[40] Each of these categories of resources have iterative relations with ICT use. If ICT is used well, it can promote these resources, but if it is used poorly, it can contribute to a cycle of underdevelopment and exclusion.[45]

Environmental impact

[edit]

Progress during the century

[edit]

In the early 21st century a rapid development of ICT services and electronical devices took place, in which the internet servers multiplied by a factor of 1000 to 395 million and its still increasing. This increase can be explained by Moore's law, which states, that the development of ICT increases every year by 16–20%, so it will double in numbers every four to five years.[46] Alongside this development and the high investments in increasing demand for ICT capable products, a high environmental impact came with it. Software and Hardware development as well as production causing already in 2008 the same amount of CO2 emissions as global air travels.[46]

There are two sides of ICT, the positive environmental possibilities and the shadow side. On the positive side, studies proved, that for instance in the OECD countries a reduction of 0.235% energy use is caused by an increase in ICT capital by 1%.[47] On the other side the more digitization is happening, the more energy is consumed, that means for OECD countries 1% increase in internet users causes a raise of 0.026% electricity consumption per capita and for emerging countries the impact is more than 4 times as high.

Currently the scientific forecasts are showing an increase up to 30700 TWh in 2030 which is 20 times more than it was in 2010.[47]

Implication

[edit]

To tackle the environmental issues of ICT, the EU commission plans proper monitoring and reporting of the GHG emissions of different ICT platforms, countries and infrastructure in general. Further the establishment of international norms for reporting and compliance are promoted to foster transparency in this sector.[48]

Moreover it is suggested by scientists to make more ICT investments to exploit the potentials of ICT to alleviate CO2 emissions in general, and to implement a more effective coordination of ICT, energy and growth policies.[49] Consequently, applying the principle of the coase theorem makes sense. It recommends to make investments there, where the marginal avoidance costs of emissions are the lowest, therefore in the developing countries with comparatively lower technological standards and policies as high-tech countries. With these measures, ICT can reduce environmental damage from economic growth and energy consumption by facilitating communication and infrastructure.

In problem-solving

[edit]

ICTs could also be used to address environmental issues, including climate change, in various ways, including ways beyond education.[50][51][52]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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  36. ^ Kirsh, David (2001). "The Context of Work". Human Computer Interaction. 16 (2–4): 305–322. doi:10.1207/S15327051HCI16234_12. S2CID 28915179.
  37. ^ Cardoso LG, Sorenson SB. Violence against women and household ownership of radios, computers, and phones in 20 countries. American Journal of Public Health. 2017; 107(7):1175–1181.
  38. ^ Novak, Matt. "Telemedicine Predicted in 1925". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
  39. ^ Albritton, Jordan; Ortiz, Alexa; Wines, Roberta; Booth, Graham; DiBello, Michael; Brown, Stephen; Gartlehner, Gerald; Crotty, Karen (7 December 2021). "Video Teleconferencing for Disease Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment" (PDF). Annals of Internal Medicine. 175 (2): 256–266. doi:10.7326/m21-3511. ISSN 0003-4819. PMID 34871056. S2CID 244923066.
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  42. ^ a b "Mobile Fact Sheet". Pew Research Center. 13 November 2024.
  43. ^ Perrin, Andrew (19 August 2021). "Digital gap between rural and nonrural America persists". Pew Research Center.
  44. ^ a b Anderson, Monica (13 June 2019). "Mobile Technology and Home Broadband 2019". Pew Research Center.
  45. ^ a b c d Scribner and Cole, Sylvia and Michael (1981). The Psychology of Literacy. ISBN 9780674433014.
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  50. ^ Fox, Evan Michael (2019). "Mobile Technology: A Tool to Increase Global Competency Among Higher Education Students". The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning. 20 (2). doi:10.19173/irrodl.v20i2.3961. ISSN 1492-3831. S2CID 242492985.
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Sources

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Further reading

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[edit]

 

The Web (or web) is the global system of interconnected local area network that makes use of the Web method collection (TCP/IP) to connect in between networks and devices. It is a network of networks that contains private, public, academic, service, and government networks of regional to international extent, linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless, and optical networking innovations. The Net lugs a vast variety of information sources and solutions, such as the woven hypertext files and applications of the Internet (WWW), electronic mail, net telephony, and documents sharing. The origins of the Net go back to research that made it possible for the time-sharing of computer resources, the growth of package switching in the 1960s and the style of computer networks for information communication. The collection of policies (interaction procedures) to allow internetworking online emerged from r & d appointed in the 1970s by the Protection Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) of the United States Division of Protection in cooperation with colleges and scientists throughout the USA and in the UK and France. The ARPANET initially served as a foundation for the interconnection of regional academic and armed forces networks in the USA to allow source sharing. The funding of the National Science Structure Network as a brand-new foundation in the 1980s, in addition to exclusive funding for various other commercial extensions, urged around the world involvement in the growth of new networking modern technologies and the merging of many networks making use of DARPA's Net procedure suite. The connecting of industrial networks and ventures by the early 1990s, in addition to the advent of the World Wide Web, noted the beginning of the change to the modern-day Net, and created sustained exponential growth as generations of institutional, individual, and mobile computer systems were linked to the internetwork. Although the Internet was widely used by academic community in the 1980s, the succeeding commercialization of the Net in the 1990s and past integrated its services and innovations into essentially every facet of contemporary life. Many typical interaction media, consisting of telephone, radio, television, paper mail, and newspapers, are improved, redefined, or even bypassed by the Web, bring to life brand-new solutions such as email, Net telephone, Net radio, Internet television, online songs, electronic newspapers, and audio and video clip streaming sites. Newspapers, books, and various other print publishing have adjusted to website technology or have been improved right into blog writing, internet feeds, and on-line news aggregators. The Web has actually allowed and increased new kinds of individual interaction through instant messaging, Net forums, and social networking solutions. On the internet shopping has expanded exponentially for major sellers, small businesses, and entrepreneurs, as it makes it possible for firms to extend their "brick and mortar" visibility to offer a larger market or perhaps sell items and services totally online. Business-to-business and financial services on the net affect supply chains across whole industries. The Internet has no single centralized administration in either technical implementation or policies for access and usage; each constituent network establishes its very own policies.The overarching interpretations of both principal name rooms on the web, the Net Method address (IP address) area and the Domain System (DNS), are routed by a maintainer company, the Web Corporation for Assigned Labels and Numbers (ICANN). The technological base and standardization of the core protocols is a task of the Internet Design Task Pressure (IETF), a non-profit company of loosely affiliated international individuals that anyone might connect with by adding technological experience. In November 2006, the Web was consisted of on United States Today's list of the New Seven Wonders.

.

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